With 64,588,418 shares, Jeff Bezos is the primary individual investor. Owning 12.7% of the company. Other top individual investors comprise Amazon’s CEO Andy Jessy, with 94,729 shares. Top institutional investors include mutual funds like The Vanguard Group (6.6% ownership) and BlackRock (5.7% ownership).
Aspect
Description
Analysis
Examples
Products and Services
Amazon is a multinational technology and e-commerce company that offers a wide range of products and services. These include online retail through the Amazon.com marketplace, Amazon Web Services (AWS) for cloud computing, Amazon Prime for subscription services, Amazon Fresh for grocery delivery, and more.
Amazon’s diverse portfolio encompasses e-commerce, cloud computing, digital content, and subscription services, making it a versatile and customer-centric company.
Amazon generates revenue from various sources, including online retail sales, third-party seller services, AWS cloud services, subscription services (Amazon Prime), advertising, and digital content sales.
Online retail and AWS are major revenue drivers. Subscription services and advertising contribute to recurring revenue.
Revenue from e-commerce sales, fees from third-party sellers, AWS usage fees, Amazon Prime subscription fees, advertising revenue.
Customer Segments
Amazon serves a broad and diverse customer base, including consumers, businesses, developers, and enterprises. It caters to individuals seeking retail products, organizations requiring cloud computing, and content consumers.
Amazon’s customer-centric approach targets a wide range of market segments, allowing it to be a one-stop-shop for various needs.
Individual shoppers, e-commerce businesses, startups, enterprises seeking cloud services, readers of digital content.
Distribution Channels
Amazon distributes its products and services primarily through its e-commerce platform (Amazon.com), AWS data centers, and digital content platforms like Kindle and Amazon Prime Video. It also operates physical stores (Amazon Go, Amazon Books) and offers global shipping and delivery services.
A combination of online platforms, physical stores, and logistics networks provides accessibility and convenience for customers worldwide.
Amazon.com, AWS data centers, Amazon Go stores, global shipping and delivery services.
Key Partnerships
Amazon collaborates with third-party sellers, content creators, app developers, and publishers on its e-commerce and digital content platforms. It also partners with businesses for AWS cloud services and logistics providers for shipping and delivery.
Third-party seller partnerships drive product variety. Content and app partnerships enhance the user experience. Business collaborations expand AWS’s customer base.
Third-party sellers on Amazon Marketplace, content creators on Kindle Direct Publishing, enterprise customers using AWS.
Key Resources
Amazon’s key resources include its extensive e-commerce platform, AWS data centers, fulfillment centers, delivery networks, digital content library, customer data, and a global workforce.
The e-commerce platform, cloud infrastructure, and logistics network are vital for Amazon’s operations. Customer data and a large workforce enable personalized experiences and efficient operations.
Amazon.com, AWS data centers, fulfillment centers, customer reviews and recommendations, a global team of employees.
Cost Structure
Amazon incurs costs in logistics and fulfillment, technology development, marketing and advertising, employee salaries, data centers, and content acquisition for digital platforms.
Fulfillment and logistics are significant costs due to Amazon’s vast product range. Investment in technology and marketing is essential for growth. Employee salaries are substantial due to a large workforce.
Operating fulfillment centers, developing new technology, advertising campaigns, data center maintenance.
Competitive Advantage
Amazon’s competitive advantage lies in its customer-centric approach, vast product selection, efficient logistics, cloud computing dominance, and investments in technology and innovation. It continuously seeks to improve customer experiences and expand its ecosystem.
Amazon’s relentless focus on customer satisfaction and convenience sets it apart in e-commerce. AWS’s leading position in cloud services provides a strong competitive edge. Investments in technology and logistics enhance operational efficiency.
Amazon Prime’s fast and reliable shipping, AWS’s cloud infrastructure reliability, Amazon Echo’s voice-powered AI assistant.
Value Proposition
Amazon offers customers convenience, vast product selection, competitive prices, fast shipping, cloud computing solutions, digital content, and subscription services. It provides solutions to a wide range of needs, from shopping to cloud infrastructure.
Amazon’s value proposition centers on making customers’ lives easier and more efficient. It offers convenience, variety, and reliability in shopping, computing, and digital content consumption.
Ordering products online with fast shipping, using AWS for scalable cloud computing, streaming Amazon Prime Video.
Table of Contents
The Bezos Empire
Jeff Bezos was best known for founding eCommerce giant Amazon in 1994. However, the entrepreneur owns companies in several industries, including health care, retail, robotics, real estate, and media. Many of these companies have been acquired by Amazon over the years, but some have been the result of direct investment from Bezos himself (through his investment arm called Bezos Expeditions).
Jeff Bezos’ ownership of Amazon makes him the wealthiest person on earth.
Amazon is a consumer e-commerce platform with a diversified business model spanning across e-commerce, cloud, advertising, streaming, and more. Over the years Amazon acquired several companies. Among its 12 subsidiaries, Amazon has AbeBooks.com, Audible, CamiXology, Fabric.com, IMDb, PillPack, Shopbop, Souq.com, Twitch, Whole Foods Market, Woot!, and Zappos.
In fact, as of 2023, his ownership stake is worth over $121 billion.
Following the divorce of Jeff and MacKenzie Bezos, the Amazon ownership structure didn’t change that much.
Indeed, Jeff Bezos kept voting and controlling power for all the stocks co-owned with Mackenzie Bezos.
Therefore, of this 15%, 100% of the voting power belongs to Jeff Bezos.
Of this 15%, 75% of ownership belongs to Jeff Bezos, while the remaining 25% belongs to Mackenzie Bezos.
Amazon customer obsession
In the Amazon Shareholders’ Letter for 2018, Jeff Bezos analyzed the Amazon business model and focused on a few key lessons Amazon has learned. These lessons are fundamental for any small or large organization entrepreneur to understand the pitfalls to avoid running a successful company!
As Jeff Bezos said in their first shareholders’ letter of 1997:
It’s All About the Long Term
We believe that a fundamental measure of our success will be the shareholder value we create over the long term. This value will be a direct result of our ability to extend and solidify our current market leadership position. The stronger our market leadership, the more powerful our economic model. Market leadership can translate directly to higher revenue, higher profitability, greater capital velocity, and correspondingly stronger returns on invested capital.
The key metrics Amazon is using to measure its long-term growth are:
What has driven Amazon along this massive growth is what Jeff Bezos calls “customer obsession.”
This customer obsession has transformed into a trillion-dollar company, with Jeff Bezos seeing his wealth turning to over sixty billion dollars!
Amazon business milestones
In 2022, Amazon reached a few critical milestones:
Prime
Amazon subscription revenue in 2022 was over $35 billion, compared to almost $32 billion in 2021. Amazon Prime grew from a $4.5 billion revenue segment in 2015.
More than 15 years post-launch, it had exceeded 100 million paid Prime members globally.
By 2022, Prime generated more than $35 billion in revenue, and it’s a key segment for the company, as it drives repeat customers while offering a streaming service that competes against Netflix.
Prime Video award-winning Prime Originals, like The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel, winner of two Critics’ Choice Awards and two Golden Globes, and the Oscar-nominated movie The Big Sick. Those help Amazon sell more shoes.
AWS
Amazon AWS generated over $22 billion in operating income in 2022. AWS is the most successful business segment within Amazon, and it generated over $80 billion in revenues in 2022. Indeed, thanks to AWS profitability, Amazon reduced its net losses, as the company generated a net loss of $2.7 billion, over revenue of $514 billion.
Amazon Web Services, an over $80 billion revenue run rate business in 2022, which just a few years before didn’t even exist as a line of business
Marketplace
By 2017, for the first time in Amazon’s history, more than half of the units sold on Amazon worldwide were from third-party sellers, including small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs).
Amazon today is one of the largest platforms on earth.
Alexa & Amazon Devices
Alexa-enabled devices are among the best-selling items across all Amazon.
With tens of millions of Echo devices, Echo Dot and Fire TV Stick with Alexa were the best-selling products across all of Amazon – all categories and all manufacturers.
The Amazon Flywheel or Amazon Virtuous Cycle is a strategy that leverages on customer experience to drive traffic to the platform and third-party sellers. That improves the selections of goods, and Amazon further improves its cost structure so it can decrease prices which spins the flywheel.
Amazon’s humble beginnings: a simple bookstore
As specified in the 1997 shareholders letter signed by Jeff Bezos:
From the beginning, our focus has been on offering our customers compelling value. We realized that the Web was, and still is, the World Wide Wait. Therefore, we set out to offer customers something they simply could not get any other way, and began serving them with books. We brought them much more selection than was possible in a physical store (our store would now occupy 6 football fields), and presented it in a useful, easy- to-search, and easy-to-browse format in a store open 365 days a year, 24 hours a day.
Amazon didn’t seek to expand right away and become what we like to call today “the everything store.” Instead, it started as a bookstore.
Today Amazon’s business model is diversified across various segments which makes up a company, that by 2022, generated half a trillion in revenue!
Amazon has a diversified business model. In 2022 Amazon posted over $514 billion in revenues, while it posted a net loss of over $2.7 billion. Online stores contributed almost 43% of Amazon’s revenues. Third-party Seller Services and Physical Stores generated the remaining. While Amazon AWS, Subscription Services, and Advertising revenues play a significant role within Amazon as fast-growing segments.
For some context, Amazon reached “the Walmart status” by 2022.
In 2022, Amazon closed its divide in terms of total revenue, as it generated over $513 billion in revenue, compared to over $572 billion in revenue from Walmart.
The interesting part is that each component (business unit) plays a different role when we look at Amazon’s businessmodel.
For instance, the e-commerce segment, which is still the core of the company’s businessmodel, is run at negative margins.
While other segments (like advertising, prime, and AWS) are run at much wider margins.
Yet, the e-commerce part is absolutely the main component of Amazon’s flywheel!
Key Highlihgts
Jeff Bezos’ Ownership: Jeff Bezos owns 12.7% of Amazon with 64,588,418 shares, making him the primary individual investor in the company. His stake is worth over $121 billion as of 2023.
Top Institutional Investors: Top institutional investors in Amazon include mutual funds like The Vanguard Group (6.6% ownership) and BlackRock (5.7% ownership).
The Bezos Empire: Jeff Bezos owns and invests in companies across various industries, including healthcare, retail, robotics, real estate, and media. His wealth from Amazon has made him the wealthiest person on earth.
Amazon Subsidiaries: Amazon owns several subsidiaries, including AbeBooks.com, Audible, CamiXology, IMDb, PillPack, Shopbop, Souq.com, Twitch, Whole Foods Market, Woot!, and Zappos.
Amazon Shareholder Philosophy: Amazon’s long-term success is driven by customer obsession and market leadership. Jeff Bezos emphasizes the importance of creating shareholder value over the long term.
Amazon Business Milestones:
Amazon Prime: Prime membership revenue exceeded $35 billion in 2022, with over 100 million paid Prime members globally.
Amazon Web Services (AWS): AWS generated over $22 billion in operating income in 2022 and is a key contributor to Amazon’s profitability.
Marketplace: More than half of the units sold on Amazon worldwide in 2017 were from third-party sellers, including small and medium-sized businesses.
Alexa & Amazon Devices: Alexa-enabled devices, such as Echo and Fire TV Stick, are among the best-selling products on Amazon.
Amazon Flywheel: Amazon’s business strategy revolves around the concept of the Amazon Flywheel, which focuses on customer experience, selection of goods, cost structure improvement, and price reduction to drive growth.
Amazon’s Humble Beginnings: Amazon started as a simple online bookstore and gradually expanded to become a dominant force in e-commerce and other industries.
Amazon’s Diversified Business Model: Amazon’s revenue is diversified across various segments, including online stores, third-party seller services, physical stores, AWS, subscription services, and advertising. Each segment plays a different role in Amazon’s businessmodel.
Comparison with Walmart: In 2022, Amazon closed the revenue gap with Walmart, with Amazon generating over $513 billion in revenue compared to Walmart’s over $572 billion. Amazon’s business units have different profit margins, with e-commerce being the core component of its flywheel.
In 2021, Amazon generated almost $470 billion in revenue, vs. eBay’s over $10.4 billion. In comparison, looking at revenues, Amazon was 45x times larger than eBay.
Amazon was not profitable once AWS was removed in 2022. In fact, Amazon, without AWS generated $10.6 billion in operating losses. While Amazon, without AWS, generated $12.2. billion operating income.
Jeff Bezos was best known for founding eCommerce giant Amazon in 1994. However, the entrepreneur owns companies in several industries, including health care, retail, robotics, real estate, and media. Many of these companies have been acquired by Amazon over the years, but some have been the result of direct investment from Bezos himself (through his investment arm is called Bezos Expeditions).
Amazon is a consumer e-commerce platform with a diversified business model spanning across e-commerce, cloud, advertising, streaming, and more. Over the years Amazon acquired several companies. Among its 12 subsidiaries, Amazon has AbeBooks.com, Audible, CamiXology, Fabric.com, IMDb, PillPack, Shopbop, Souq.com, Twitch, Whole Foods Market, Woot! and Zappos.
Amazon’s mission statement is to “serve consumers through online and physical stores and focus on selection, price, and convenience.” Amazon’s vision statement is “to be Earth’s most customer-centric company, where customers can find and discover anything they might want to buy online, and endeavors to offer its customers the lowest possible prices.”
In the Amazon Shareholders’ Letter for 2018, Jeff Bezos analyzed the Amazon business model, and it also focused on a few key lessons that Amazon as a company has learned over the years. These lessons are fundamental for any entrepreneur, of small or large organization to understand the pitfalls to avoid to run a successful company!
Amazon has a business model with many moving parts. The e-commerce platform generated $220 billion in 2022, followed by third-party stores services which generated over $117 billion; Amazon AWS, which generated over $80 billion; Amazon advertising which generated almost $38 billion and Amazon Prime, which generated over $35 billion, and physical stores which generated almost $19 billion.
The Amazon Working Backwards Method is a product development methodology that advocates building a product based on customer needs. The Amazon Working Backwards Method gained traction after notable Amazon employee Ian McAllister shared the company’s product development approach on Quora. McAllister noted that the method seeks “to work backwards from the customer, rather than starting with an idea for a product and trying to bolt customers onto it.”
A regret minimization framework is a business heuristic that enables you to make a decision, by projecting yourself in the future, at an old age, and visualize whether the regrets of missing an opportunity would hunt you down, vs. having taken the opportunity and failed. In short, if taking action and failing feels much better than regretting it, in the long run, that is when you’re ready to go!
The Amazon Flywheel or Amazon Virtuous Cycle is a strategy that leverages on customer experience to drive traffic to the platform and third-party sellers. That improves the selections of goods, and Amazon further improves its cost structure so it can decrease prices which spins the flywheel.
In the letter to shareholders in 2016, Jeff Bezos addressed a topic he had been thinking quite profoundly in the last decades as he led Amazon: Day 1. As Jeff Bezos put it “Day 2 is stasis. Followed by irrelevance. Followed by excruciating, painful decline. Followed by death. And that is why it is always Day 1.”
OpenAI is an artificial intelligence research laboratory that transitioned into a for-profit organization in 2019, which comprised an entity called OpenAI LP and the non-profit parent foundation OpenAI. The lab, which was founded in 2015 by Elon Musk, Sam Altman, and various others, has a core focus on the development of friendly AI that benefits society as a whole. Yet now has primarily evolved as a capped-for-profit entity with an exclusive commercial license to Microsoft.
Its co-founders primarily own Airbnb: Brian Chesky, with 76,407,686 Class B shares, which gives him 29.1% of ownership; Nathan Blecharczyk, with 232,306 Class A and 64,646,713 Class B, which give him 25.3%; and Joe Gebbia, which has 5,113,865 Class A and 58,023,452 Class B, which give him 22.9% ownership.
Google is primarily owned by its founders, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, who have more than 51% voting power. Other individual shareholders comprise John Doerr (1.5%), a venture capitalist and early investor in Google, and CEO, Sundar Pichai. Former Google CEO Eric Schmidt has 4.2% voting power. The most prominent institutional shareholders are mutual funds BlackRock and The Vanguard Group, with 2.7% and 3.1%, respectively.
Mark Zuckerberg is the largest shareholder in the company. Zuckerberg retains ownership and control of the company. Like Google, Facebook has issued two common stocks, Class A and Class B. The holders of Class B common stocks are entitled to ten votes per share, and holders of our Class A common stocks are entitled to one vote per share. Mark Zuckerberg has a voting power of 56.9%; he’s the primary decision-maker. Other individual investors comprise Sheryl Sandberg, Christopher Cox, Marc Andreessen, Peter Thiel, Dustin Moskovitz, and Eduardo Saverin.
As of 2023, major Apple shareholders comprised Warren Buffet’s Berkshire Hathaway with 5.73% of the company’s stock (valued at over $130 billion). Followed by other individual shareholders like Tim Cook, CEO of Apple, with about 3.3 million shares, Artur Levinson, chairman of Apple, with over 4.5 million shares, and others.
With 64,588,418 shares, Jeff Bezos is the major individual investor. Owning 12.7% of the company. Other top individual investors comprise Amazon’s CEO Andy Jessy, with 94,729 shares. Top institutional investors include mutual funds like The Vanguard Group (6.6% ownership) and BlackRock (5.7% ownership).
Major shareholders comprise co-founder Bill Gates, who stepped down from the company’s board in 2020, which is why these shares are no longer publicly reported. In 2019, Gates still owned a stake of 103 million stocks, which accounted for 1.34% of the company’s ownership (worth over $23 billion in January 2023). Other individual shareholders comprise Satya Nadella, the company’s CEO, Brad Smith (former president), Jean-Philippe Courtois (EVP), and Amy Hood (former CFO).
By 2022, most of Tesla’s shares are still owned by Elon Musk, among the company’s co-founders and the CEO. Elon Musk is the top individual investor, with a 23.5% stake in the company, equivalent to over 244 million shares. Musk is followed by Lawrence Ellison (founder of Oracle), with a 1.5% company stake. Ellison also sits on Tesla’s board. And Antonio Gracias, among the company’s first investors, has over 1.6 million shares. Other institutional investors and mutual funds like The Vanguard Group (6%), Blackrock (5.1%), and Capital Ventures International also have a good chunk of the company’s stocks.
PayPal was first founded in 1998; it was called Confinity (among its founders was Peter Thiel); later, it merged with X.com, its major competitor, founded by Elon Musk (which would become known for other companies like Tesla and SpaceX). From this merger, PayPal was born. In 2002, PayPal was bought by eBay for $1.5 billion. eBay spun off PayPal in 2015, which would be listed as an independent entity. Today PayPal owns brands like Braintree, Venmo, Xoom, and iZettle.
Netflix’s largest individual shareholder is Reed Hastings, co-founder, and former CEO of the company, now Chairperson of Netflix, with a 1.7% stake, valued at over $2.4 billion in February 2023. Other significant individual shareholders comprise Jay C. Hoag, the company’s directors since 1999, and Ted Sarandos, former chief content officer and now Chief Executive Officer of Netflix. Major institutional shareholders comprise The Vanguard Group (7.55% ownership), BlackRock (6.58% ownership), and Capital Research Global Investments (5.84% ownership).
TikTok is owned by ByteDance, a Chinese internet technology company owning several content platforms worldwide (Douyin, Toutiao, Xigua Video, Helo, Lark, Babe). Bytedance passed the $300 billion private market valuation by 2022, making around $58 billion in revenue in 2022, over $4 billion from TikTok.
Acquired by Google, in 2006, for $1.65 billion, YouTube is now worth many times over. In 2022, YouTube generated over $29 billion in revenue from advertising alone. YouTube is part of Google (now named Alphabet), and as such, it is owned by main Google’s Alphabet shareholders and is one of the fastest-growing segments for the company.
As of April 25th, 2022, Elon Musk tried to take over Twitter. Musk tried to purchase the company at $54.20 per share, or about $44 billion. The deal finally closed by October 27th, 2022, and Elon Musk became the largest shareholder.
The multi-billion music streaming company Spotify is primarily owned by its founders, Daniel Ek and Martin Lorentzon. As of 2023, Daniel Ek has 16.5% ownership of ordinary shares and 31.7% of the voting power. Martin Lorentzon has 10.9% of ordinary shares and 42.6% of the voting power. Another key shareholder is Baillie Gifford & Co, a Scottish-based money management firm, followed by Morgan Stanley, T. Rowe Price, and Tencent.
The top individual shareholder of NVIDIA is Jen-Hsun Huang, founder, and CEO of the company, with 87,521,722 shares giving him 3.50% ownership. Followed by Mark A. Stevens, venture capitalist and a partner at S-Cubed Capital, who was part of the NVIDIA board in 2008 and previously served as a director from 1993 to 2006, with 6,258,803 shares. Institutional investors comprise The Vanguard Group, Inc, with 196,015,550, owning 7.83%. BlackRock, Inc., with 177,858,484, owns 7.10%. And FMR LLC (Fidelity Institutional Asset Management) with 158,039,922, owning 6.31%.
Uber’s principal individual shareholders comprise Yasir Al-Rumayyan (3.73%), the Governor of the Public Investment Fund, the sovereign wealth fund of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and Dara Khosrowshahi, the founder and CEO of Uber. There is Morgan Stanley, with 5.12% ownership among the top institutional investors.
The founder and CEO of Shopify, Tobias Lütke, owned or controlled 7,891,852 Class B multiple voting shares and 5,250 Class A subordinate voting shares, representing approximately 33.8% of the aggregate voting power attached to all of the Company’s outstanding voting shares. Another key stakeholder is John H. Phillips, an angel investor who placed an early bet on Shopify.
Roblox is owned by David Baszucki and Gregory Baszucki, with a 2.3% and 2.6% stake, respectively. Anthony lee, managing partner at Altos Ventures, with a 15.3% stake.
In 2014, Twitch was bought by Amazon for $970 million. Therefore Twitch is part of Amazon, comprising other subsidiaries bought over the years, like Audible, Whole Foods, and Zappos (in total, Amazon has 12 subsidiaries). Therefore, as of 2020, Twitch is a multi-billion dollar company, making money primarily via advertising through its video streaming platform (creators use Twitch today across many other verticals).
Zoom’s principal private shareholders comprise Eric S. Yuan, a Chinese-American billionaire businessman that founded Zoom. Dan Scheinman, board member and angel investor in Zoom since the start, and Santiago Subotovsky, also an early investor in Zoom. Zoom follows a freeterprise business model where free accounts are channeled into enterprise customers.
In one of the largest deals in the business world, Microsoft acquired Activision Blizzard in a $68.7 billion transaction. Making Microsoft the world’s third-largest gaming company by revenue, behind Tencent and Sony. However, given the size of the deal, this is still under the scrutiny of regulators who need to approve it. If the deal goes through, Microsoft will become among the largest gaming companies in the world.
Pixar is owned by The Walt Disney Company, which acquired it in 2006 in a $7.4 billion deal. Today Pixar is part of the Disney Empire. The principal shareholders of Disney comprise Robert Iger, CEO of the company, and institutional investors like The Vanguard Group and Blackrock.
Marc Benioff, Co-CEO of Salesforce, is the primary individual shareholder, with 3% of the company’s stock. Other main individual shareholders comprise Parker Harris, Co-Founder and Chief Technology Officer, and Bret Taylor, former co-CEO. Major institutional shareholders include The Vanguard Group, Fidelity, and BlackRock.
In a $27.7 billion deal in 2021, Salesforce’s finalized the acquisition of Slack, which was integrated into Salesforce. Today Slack is still a product mostly independently managed by Salesforce, which incorporated some of its features within its platform. Entrepreneur Marc Benioff primarily owns salesforce.
Evan Spiegel and Robert Cornelius Murphy are the co-founders and, respectively, CEO and CTO of Snapchat. Evan Spiegel owns 3% of Class A stocks, 25.7% of Class B stocks, and 53.4% of Class C stocks for a 53.2% voting power, whereas Robert Murphy owns 6% of Class A stocks, 25.7% of Class B stocks, and 46.6% of Class C stocks for a 46.6% voting power. Snapchat runs an advertising-based business model.
Main individual shareholders comprise co-founders Brian Armstrong (59.5% voting power), Frederick Ernest Ehrsam (26.1% voting power), and other individual investors such as Surojit Chatterjee (current CPO “poached” from Google), Paul Grewal (former magistrate who joined Coinbase as Chief Legal Officer), and venture capitalists who early on invested on Coinbase, like Marc Andreessen (founder of a16z) and Fred Wilson (founder of Union Square Ventures), together with venture capital firms like Andreessen Horowitz, Paradigm, Ribbit Capital and Union Square Ventures.
Gennaro is the creator of FourWeekMBA, which reached about four million business people, comprising C-level executives, investors, analysts, product managers, and aspiring digital entrepreneurs in 2022 alone | He is also Director of Sales for a high-tech scaleup in the AI Industry | In 2012, Gennaro earned an International MBA with emphasis on Corporate Finance and Business Strategy.
