The Mandela effect is a phenomenon where a large group of people remembers an event differently from how it occurred. The Mandela effect was first described in relation to Fiona Broome, who believed that former South African President Nelson Mandela died in prison during the 1980s. While Mandela was released from prison in 1990 and died 23 years later, Broome remembered news coverage of his death in prison and even a speech from his widow. Of course, neither event occurred in reality. But Broome was later to discover that she was not the only one with the same recollection of events.
Aspect | Explanation |
---|---|
Mandela Effect | The Mandela Effect is a phenomenon in which a large group of people collectively misremember specific details or events, believing them to be different from historical records or facts. It’s named after the belief that Nelson Mandela died in prison in the 1980s, while he actually became South Africa’s president and was released from prison in the 1990s. |
Examples | Common examples of the Mandela Effect include the spelling of brand names (e.g., “Berenstain Bears” vs. “Berenstein Bears”), the placement of a dash in the “Kit-Kat” brand, and the number of U.S. states (some remember 51 or 52). False collective memories about movie quotes, logos, and geography are also cited as instances. |
Causes | The causes of the Mandela Effect are debated. Some attribute it to memory errors, while others suggest it could be due to social reinforcement (when people repeat the same incorrect information), cognitive biases, or even alternate realities or parallel universes, though the latter is more speculative and not scientifically proven. |
Memory and Brain | Human memory is not infallible and can be influenced by various factors, such as suggestion, cultural influence, and confirmation bias. The brain sometimes fills in gaps with what it believes should be true, leading to discrepancies between individual recollections and objective reality. |
Internet and Media | The spread of the Mandela Effect is often amplified by the internet and media. Social media platforms and online communities provide a space for people to share and discuss their shared false memories, reinforcing the perception that many individuals remember the same incorrect details. |
Pop Culture | The Mandela Effect has gained prominence in pop culture, with documentaries, articles, and discussions exploring various instances and theories behind the phenomenon. It continues to be a topic of fascination and debate, reflecting the complex relationship between human memory, perception, and reality. |
Scientific Study | While the Mandela Effect is intriguing, it primarily exists in the realm of popular culture and psychology. There is limited scientific research on the phenomenon, and it remains a subject of interest for psychologists and cognitive scientists studying the fallibility of human memory and the power of suggestion. |
Conclusion | The Mandela Effect is a phenomenon where shared collective memories do not align with historical facts. It is often attributed to memory errors and social reinforcement. While it has captured public interest and is frequently discussed in popular culture, it remains a subject for further study in psychology and cognitive science to understand the intricacies of human memory and perception. |
Causes of the Mandela effect
Opinion is divided on the exact cause of the Mandela effect, but some doctors believe it is a form of confabulation – or “honest lying”.
Here, a person creates a false memory to fill in gaps in their memory. They are not, as some believe, creating memories to lie or deceive.
Some researchers posit that individuals use confabulation to piece together what they believe is the most likely sequence of events. This is because the events described in many Mandela effect cases are quite close to what actually transpired.
False memories
A simpler explanation for the effect lies in a person’s inability to remember events accurately.
This may occur when facts become distorted because of the passage of time. Crime eyewitnesses are often unable to recall certain subtle details of a crime, which may lead to gap-filling.
The “memefication” of the internet is also a contributor. Users are free to alter sayings, logos, or images and then harness the ability of the internet to spread misinformation rapidly.
Examples of the Mandela effect
The frowning Mona Lisa
Many art admirers insist that the subject of Leonardo da Vinci’s painting is frowning, even though she is clearly smirking.
Researchers believe that the tendency for artworks of that period to feature frowning subjects has led people to form inaccurate memories.
Monopoly Man
The mascot of the popular board game Monopoly is often thought to be wearing a monocle.
Upon closer inspection, however, the mascot is not wearing a monocle. It is thought that people confuse the Monopoly mascot with the Planters peanut company mascot, Mr. Peanut.
Life is like a box of chocolates
In the oft-quoted movie Forrest Gump, many assume that Tom Hanks utters the line “Life is like a box of chocolates.”
However, the actual line is “Life was like a box of chocolates.” Emphasis added.
Tank man
During the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, it is sometimes assumed that the unidentified man who stands in front of a tank was run over and killed.
This is despite video evidence to the contrary showing the man being detained and led away from the scene after a brief confrontation.
Froot Loops
The sugary breakfast cereal made by Kellogg’s first hit supermarket shelves in 1963. On the front of the box, four of the colorful circular cereal pieces were substituted for the letter “O” to spell the words “Froot Loops”.
However, despite the brand having been spelled this way for over 60 years, many consumers still believe it to be “Fruit Loops”.
Adding to the Mandela effect is the fact that the cereal is loaded with sugar and does not contain any fruit whatsoever.
Kit Kat
The popular Nestlé chocolate bar brand has never been spelled “Kit-Kat” with a dash.
It was named the Kit Kat Chocolate Crisp by original owner Rowntree’s in 1937 and was then shortened to Kit Kat after the Second World War.
When Nestlé acquired Rowntree’s in 1987, the name remain unchanged.
Jif peanut butter
Jif is an American peanut butter brand founded in 1956 that was purchased by multinational company Proctor & Gamble in 2001.
Jif has been the largest such brand in the United States since 1981, but consumers believe the brand is called “Jiffy”.
The Mandela effect in this case may stem from confusion caused by unrelated brands with a similar name.
One source of confusion could be Jiffy Pop popcorn, while another is the popular Jiffy brand of all-purpose baking mix.
There is also the potential that consumers are mixed up with the name of Jif’s main competitor, Skippy.
Coca-Cola Zero Sugar
Coca-Cola is one of the most recognizable brands in the world and has released numerous variations of its original cola-based beverage.
Many Coca-Cola fanatics believe that the company’s sugar-free cola drink is called “Coke Zero”. In actuality, every such drink is labeled as “Coca-Cola Zero Sugar” or “Coca-Cola Zero”.
There are two possible causes in this case. The first is that a small “Coke Zero” logo was printed on the back of the bottle where ingredients were listed.
The second is that the name was a sponsor of NASCAR and Daytona races in the United States, but “Coke Zero” was used in this case because it was recognizable to consumers.
Skechers
Skechers is the third largest footwear company in America, but many add a “t” to the name and call it “Sketchers”.
This confusion likely arises because consumers default to someone who draws when they hear the brand name pronounced.
The company was even referenced as “Sketchers” in this 2015 TheStreet article about whether it could double its business over the next five years.
Oscar Mayer
Oscar Mayer is an American company that manufactures a range of processed meats.
Founded in 1883 and acquired by Kraft Heinz around a century later, consumers for some reason think the brand is spelled “Oscar Meyer”.
This example of the Mandela effect can be attributed to the way the company pronounced the brand with an “a” sound in its marketing campaigns.
To clear up the mispronunciation among consumers, Oscar Meyer even released an advertisement featuring a child who spelled out each letter of both words to a jingle.
Additional Case Studies
1. Berenstain Bears: Many people remember the popular children’s book series as the “Berenstein Bears” with an “e,” but they are actually called the “Berenstain Bears” with an “a.” This has led to numerous debates online about the correct spelling.
2. Location of New Zealand: There are many who swear that New Zealand used to be located northeast of Australia on maps, rather than southeast where it actually is.
3. Febreze: While many people believe the popular air freshener brand is spelled “Febreeze” with two “e”s, it’s actually spelled “Febreze” with one “e.”
4. Curious Jorge: A popular children’s character is the mischievous monkey, Curious George. However, many people remember him having a tail, which he doesn’t since he is a chimpanzee and not a monkey.
5. The Location of the Liver: Many people believe the liver is located on the left side of the human body when, in fact, it’s on the right side.
6. The Color of Chartreuse: A number of people believe that the color chartreuse is a shade of pink or rose. In reality, it’s a shade of green.
7. Pikachu’s Tail: Many fans of Pokémon remember Pikachu as having a black-tipped tail. However, in reality, Pikachu’s tail is plain yellow without any black tip.
8. C-3PO’s Leg: Many “Star Wars” fans remember the droid C-3PO as being entirely gold. But, if you look closely, he actually has one silver leg.
9. “Mirror, Mirror on the Wall”: One of the most quoted lines from Disney’s “Snow White” is often remembered as “Mirror, mirror on the wall, who’s the fairest of them all?” In reality, the line is “Magic mirror on the wall, who’s the fairest one of all?”
10. The Ford Logo: Many remember the Ford logo without the curly loop on the ‘F’, but the logo has always had that little curl.
11. “We Are the Champions” by Queen: Many people believe the song ends with “…of the world!” However, the song doesn’t actually end that way, and the line is only present in the chorus, not at the end.
12. The Number of U.S. States: Some people outside of the U.S. recall learning there were 51 or 52 states in the United States, but there have always been 50.
Key takeaways
- The Mandela effect refers to a scenario where a large group of people believes an event occurred when it did not.
- The Mandela effect may be caused by several factors. The most likely is the process of confabulation, where an individual harmlessly fabricates information to fill gaps in their memory.
- The Mandela effect was named after a mistaken belief that Nelson Mandela had died in prison. Today, the effect has been described in everything from movie lines to company mascots and world events.
Key Highlights
- Definition: The Mandela effect is a phenomenon where a large group of people remembers an event differently from how it actually occurred.
- Example: The Mandela effect was first described in relation to Fiona Broome, who believed Nelson Mandela died in prison during the 1980s. In reality, Mandela was released in 1990 and died 23 years later.
- Causes: The exact cause of the Mandela effect is debated, but it may involve confabulation, where individuals create false memories to fill gaps in their recollection.
- False Memories: A simpler explanation is that people may misremember events due to the passage of time and distortion of facts.
- Internet Memefication: The internet’s ability to spread misinformation rapidly contributes to the Mandela effect as users alter sayings, logos, or images.
- Examples: Some examples of the Mandela effect include the belief that the Mona Lisa is frowning, confusion about the Monopoly Man wearing a monocle, and misquoting the line “Life is like a box of chocolates” from the movie Forrest Gump.
- Skechers and Oscar Mayer: Mandela effect instances can also be found in brand names, such as adding a “t” to Skechers or mispronouncing Oscar Mayer as “Oscar Meyer.”
- Coca-Cola Zero Sugar: Some consumers refer to Coca-Cola Zero Sugar as “Coke Zero,” but the actual name is “Coca-Cola Zero Sugar” or “Coca-Cola Zero.”
- Implications: The Mandela effect highlights how memories can be fallible and subject to distortion, leading to shared misconceptions among a group of people.
- Cultural Phenomenon: The Mandela effect has become a cultural phenomenon, and researchers continue to study its underlying causes and implications for memory and cognition.
Related Framework | Description | When to Apply |
---|---|---|
Mandela Effect | The Mandela Effect refers to the phenomenon where a large group of people collectively misremembers an event or fact, often attributing it to alternative timelines or parallel universes. It highlights the subjectivity of memory and the influence of social reinforcement on perceptions of reality. Exploring the Mandela Effect can illustrate cognitive biases, prompt critical thinking, and challenge assumptions about reality and truth. | When examining cognitive biases or exploring perceptions of reality, analyzing the Mandela Effect can prompt reflection and critical inquiry by examining collective memory distortions and identifying factors influencing perceptions, thus facilitating discussions on truth, reality, and human cognition in psychology, sociology, or media studies, ultimately encouraging skepticism and promoting critical thinking skills in evaluating information and making informed decisions in personal and professional contexts. |
False Memory | False Memory refers to inaccurate memories or distorted recollections of past events, often influenced by suggestive cues, misinformation, or imagination. It highlights the malleability and fallibility of human memory. Exploring False Memory can inform forensic investigations, legal proceedings, and psychological research by examining memory reconstruction and the reliability of eyewitness testimony. | When conducting forensic investigations or evaluating eyewitness testimony, studying False Memory can inform legal proceedings and research by highlighting memory vulnerabilities and the impact of suggestive cues, thus improving the accuracy and reliability of evidence and decision-making in courtrooms, police investigations, or academic research, ultimately promoting justice and upholding ethical standards in legal systems and psychological practices. |
Collective Memory | Collective Memory refers to shared memories and cultural representations of past events or experiences within a society or community. It encompasses cultural narratives, historical interpretations, and commemorative practices. Exploring Collective Memory can deepen understanding of cultural identity, social cohesion, and historical consciousness by examining collective interpretations and meaning-making processes. | When exploring cultural identity or narratives of the past, analyzing Collective Memory can enhance understanding and foster empathy by examining shared experiences and cultural interpretations, thus promoting social cohesion and historical consciousness in education, public discourse, or cultural heritage preservation, ultimately contributing to collective identity and intergenerational dialogue in societies and communities. |
Suggestibility | Suggestibility refers to the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal memories or beliefs. It highlights vulnerabilities in memory encoding and retrieval processes. Exploring Suggestibility can inform forensic interviewing techniques, interrogation practices, and eyewitness testimony evaluation by examining factors influencing memory accuracy and suggestive questioning. | When conducting interviews or evaluating testimony, assessing Suggestibility can inform questioning techniques and memory evaluation by identifying factors influencing memory accuracy and vulnerabilities to misinformation, thus enhancing the reliability and credibility of testimony and investigative practices in legal, law enforcement, or psychological contexts, ultimately promoting justice and ethical conduct in criminal justice systems and interrogation procedures. |
Social Construction of Reality | The Social Construction of Reality theory posits that reality is socially constructed through shared meanings, language, and symbolic interactions within a social group. It emphasizes perspective and cultural context in shaping individual and collective perceptions. Exploring Social Construction of Reality can illuminate how beliefs and values are culturally transmitted and negotiated, influencing social norms and institutional practices. | When examining cultural norms or institutional practices, applying Social Construction of Reality theory can reveal underlying assumptions and power dynamics by highlighting the role of language and symbolism in shaping perceptions, thus facilitating discussions on diversity, inequality, and cultural change in sociology, anthropology, or policy-making, ultimately informing interventions and promoting social justice in diverse communities and organizational settings. |
Confirmation Bias | Confirmation Bias refers to the tendency to interpret or recall information in a way that confirms preexisting beliefs or hypotheses, while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence. It influences perception, judgment, and decision-making processes. Exploring Confirmation Bias can shed light on cognitive shortcuts and information processing errors, informing debiasing strategies and critical thinking practices. | When evaluating information or making decisions, addressing Confirmation Bias can improve objectivity and accuracy by encouraging critical scrutiny and consideration of alternative viewpoints, thus mitigating the influence of preconceived notions and enhancing rational decision-making in research, business strategy, or public policy, ultimately promoting evidence-based practices and effective problem-solving in varied contexts and professional domains. |
Psychological Reactance | Psychological Reactance refers to the negative emotional response elicited when individuals perceive their freedom or autonomy to be threatened or restricted. It drives reactive behavior aimed at regaining perceived freedoms. Exploring Psychological Reactance can inform persuasion tactics, marketing strategies, and behavioral interventions by anticipating resistance and tailoring messages to minimize reactance. | When designing persuasive messages or implementing behavioral interventions, considering Psychological Reactance can improve effectiveness by anticipating resistance and mitigating reactance, thus enhancing receptivity and promoting behavior change in marketing, health promotion, or public advocacy campaigns, ultimately facilitating positive outcomes and enhancing stakeholder engagement in targeted populations and social contexts. |
Anchoring Bias | Anchoring Bias refers to the tendency to rely heavily on the first piece of information encountered (the “anchor”) when making subsequent judgments or estimates. It influences decision-making by anchoring perceptions and biasing subsequent evaluations. Exploring Anchoring Bias can reveal cognitive heuristics and limitations in information processing, informing debiasing strategies and decision-making frameworks. | When making decisions or evaluating information, addressing Anchoring Bias can improve accuracy and reduce errors by minimizing reliance on initial anchors and encouraging independent assessment, thus enhancing objectivity and effectiveness in financial analysis, negotiation, or strategic planning, ultimately promoting better outcomes and informed choices in personal and professional contexts. |
Selective Exposure | Selective Exposure refers to the tendency to seek out information or media content that confirms existing beliefs or preferences, while avoiding contradictory viewpoints. It influences information consumption and media consumption habits. Exploring Selective Exposure can inform media literacy efforts and communication strategies by examining the motivations and consequences of selective information seeking. | When designing communication campaigns or evaluating media effects, understanding Selective Exposure can inform message framing and audience targeting by anticipating audience preferences and behavioral tendencies, thus enhancing message effectiveness and promoting informed decision-making in media, public relations, or political communication, ultimately fostering media literacy and civic engagement in diverse audiences and information environments. |
Connected Thinking Frameworks
Convergent vs. Divergent Thinking
Law of Unintended Consequences
Read Next: Biases, Bounded Rationality, Mandela Effect, Dunning-Kruger Effect, Lindy Effect, Crowding Out Effect, Bandwagon Effect.
Main Guides: