Ideal culture refers to the values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors that a society aspires to achieve and uphold. It represents the standards of conduct and moral principles that a society considers desirable and admirable. While ideal culture often serves as a guiding framework, it may not always align with the actual practices and behaviors of individuals within that society, known as real culture.
Ideal culture is built upon several foundational principles:
Values and Beliefs: Ideal culture is rooted in the values and beliefs that a society holds dear. These values often reflect the moral and ethical principles that guide the behavior of its members.
Social Norms: Ideal culture is associated with the social norms that a society promotes as desirable and appropriate. These norms guide the conduct of individuals in various social contexts.
Moral Framework: Ideal culture provides a moral framework that shapes the collective conscience of a society. It defines what is considered right, just, and virtuous.
Aspirations and Goals: Ideal culture encapsulates the aspirations and goals of a society. It represents the vision of a better, more just, and harmonious world that people strive to achieve.
Cultural Identity: Ideal culture is an integral part of a society’s cultural identity. It influences how individuals perceive themselves and their shared values and principles.
The Role of Ideal Culture in Society
Ideal culture plays several crucial roles in shaping society and its members:
Moral Guidance: Ideal culture provides moral guidance to individuals and communities, helping them navigate complex ethical dilemmas and make decisions aligned with their shared values.
Aspiration and Inspiration: It serves as a source of inspiration and aspiration, motivating individuals and society as a whole to work toward a better future and embody their cherished ideals.
Cultural Identity: Ideal culture contributes to the cultural identity of a society, defining who its members aspire to be and what they stand for.
Social Cohesion: It fosters social cohesion by uniting individuals around common values and principles, facilitating cooperation, and reducing conflicts based on differences.
Progress and Change: Ideal culture can drive progress and positive change by challenging existing norms and encouraging innovation and reform when these norms fall short of societal aspirations.
Real Culture vs. Ideal Culture
Real culture refers to the actual practices, behaviors, and norms observed within a society. While ideal culture represents the values and principles a society aspires to, real culture reflects what is commonly practiced and experienced by its members. These two concepts can often differ significantly:
Discrepancies: Real culture may deviate from ideal culture due to various factors, including individual behavior, societal pressures, and cultural change.
Cultural Norms: Real culture encompasses the everyday behaviors and practices that individuals engage in, which may not always align with the societal norms presented in ideal culture.
Cultural Variation: Different subcultures within a society may have their own variations of real culture that reflect their unique values and practices.
Adaptation: Societies and individuals often adapt real culture to changing circumstances, sometimes leading to a gradual shift in societal values.
Cultural Relativism: The concept of cultural relativism acknowledges that the standards of ideal culture can vary between cultures, and what is considered ideal in one society may not be the same in another.
Real-Life Examples of Ideal Culture
Ideal culture can be observed in various real-life examples across different societies and contexts:
Example 1: Democracy and Political Participation
In democratic societies, ideal culture often emphasizes the values of civic engagement, political participation, and the right to vote. Citizens are encouraged to actively participate in the democratic process, contributing to the collective decision-making of the nation.
Example 2: Gender Equality
Many societies aspire to achieve gender equality as part of their ideal culture. This includes promoting equal opportunities and rights for people of all genders, challenging gender-based discrimination, and working toward a more inclusive and equitable society.
Example 3: Environmental Stewardship
Ideal culture in contemporary society often places a strong emphasis on environmental stewardship and sustainability. It encourages responsible resource management, reduction of carbon footprints, and the preservation of natural ecosystems for future generations.
Example 4: Social Justice and Human Rights
Societies that prioritize social justice and human rights as part of their ideal culture strive to eliminate discrimination, uphold the dignity and rights of all individuals, and work toward a more just and equitable world.
Example 5: Education and Intellectual Growth
Ideal culture often values education and intellectual growth. It promotes the pursuit of knowledge, critical thinking, and the development of a well-informed and enlightened citizenry.
Cultural Relativism and Ideal Culture
Cultural relativism is the concept that cultural values, norms, and practices should be understood and
evaluated within the context of the culture in which they occur. It recognizes that ideal culture can vary widely between different societies, and what one society considers ideal may differ from the ideals of another. Cultural relativism prompts us to:
Respect Cultural Differences: It encourages respect for the diverse values and beliefs held by different cultures, even when they deviate from our own ideals.
Avoid Ethnocentrism: Cultural relativism discourages ethnocentrism, which is the tendency to judge other cultures based on our own cultural standards.
Cultural Understanding: By adopting a culturally relativistic perspective, we can gain a deeper understanding of the ideals and practices of other societies.
Challenges Prejudice: Cultural relativism challenges prejudice and stereotypes by acknowledging that different cultural contexts shape people’s values and behaviors.
Ethical Considerations: While cultural relativism respects cultural differences, it also raises ethical questions when practices within a culture violate fundamental human rights or universal ethical principles.
Strategies for Aligning Real Culture with Ideal Culture
Efforts to bridge the gap between real culture and ideal culture can lead to positive societal changes. Here are strategies for achieving alignment:
Education and Awareness: Raise awareness about the ideals and values of ideal culture within society. Encourage individuals to reflect on their behavior and its alignment with these ideals.
Social Advocacy: Support advocacy efforts and social movements that seek to bring about positive changes in real culture to align it more closely with ideal culture.
Policy Changes: Advocate for policy changes and reforms that reflect the values and aspirations of ideal culture, addressing issues such as social justice, equality, and environmental sustainability.
Community Engagement: Encourage community engagement and grassroots initiatives that promote the values of ideal culture within local contexts.
Dialogue and Communication: Promote open dialogue and communication between different segments of society to address disparities between real culture and ideal culture.
Role Modeling: Celebrate individuals and organizations that exemplify the ideals of ideal culture, serving as role models for others to emulate.
Conclusion
Ideal culture represents the values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors that a society aspires to achieve and uphold. It serves as a guiding framework, providing moral guidance, aspirations, and a sense of identity for individuals and communities. While ideal culture may not always align with the practices of real culture, understanding the concept allows us to bridge the gap and work toward a society that better reflects its cherished ideals. By promoting awareness, advocacy, policy changes, and open dialogue, we can strive to bring real culture closer to the ideals of ideal culture and create a more just and equitable world.
Convergent thinking occurs when the solution to a problem can be found by applying established rules and logical reasoning. Whereas divergent thinking is an unstructured problem-solving method where participants are encouraged to develop many innovative ideas or solutions to a given problem. Where convergent thinking might work for larger, mature organizations where divergent thinking is more suited for startups and innovative companies.
The concept of cognitive biases was introduced and popularized by the work of Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in 1972. Biases are seen as systematic errors and flaws that make humans deviate from the standards of rationality, thus making us inept at making good decisions under uncertainty.
Second-order thinking is a means of assessing the implications of our decisions by considering future consequences. Second-order thinking is a mental model that considers all future possibilities. It encourages individuals to think outside of the box so that they can prepare for every and eventuality. It also discourages the tendency for individuals to default to the most obvious choice.
Lateral thinking is a business strategy that involves approaching a problem from a different direction. The strategy attempts to remove traditionally formulaic and routine approaches to problem-solving by advocating creative thinking, therefore finding unconventional ways to solve a known problem. This sort of non-linear approach to problem-solving, can at times, create a big impact.
Bounded rationality is a concept attributed to Herbert Simon, an economist and political scientist interested in decision-making and how we make decisions in the real world. In fact, he believed that rather than optimizing (which was the mainstream view in the past decades) humans follow what he called satisficing.
The Dunning-Kruger effect describes a cognitive bias where people with low ability in a task overestimate their ability to perform that task well. Consumers or businesses that do not possess the requisite knowledge make bad decisions. What’s more, knowledge gaps prevent the person or business from seeing their mistakes.
Occam’s Razor states that one should not increase (beyond reason) the number of entities required to explain anything. All things being equal, the simplest solution is often the best one. The principle is attributed to 14th-century English theologian William of Ockham.
The Lindy Effect is a theory about the ageing of non-perishable things, like technology or ideas. Popularized by author Nicholas Nassim Taleb, the Lindy Effect states that non-perishable things like technology age – linearly – in reverse. Therefore, the older an idea or a technology, the same will be its life expectancy.
Antifragility was first coined as a term by author, and options trader Nassim Nicholas Taleb. Antifragility is a characteristic of systems that thrive as a result of stressors, volatility, and randomness. Therefore, Antifragile is the opposite of fragile. Where a fragile thing breaks up to volatility; a robust thing resists volatility. An antifragile thing gets stronger from volatility (provided the level of stressors and randomness doesn’t pass a certain threshold).
Systems thinking is a holistic means of investigating the factors and interactions that could contribute to a potential outcome. It is about thinking non-linearly, and understanding the second-order consequences of actions and input into the system.
Vertical thinking, on the other hand, is a problem-solving approach that favors a selective, analytical, structured, and sequential mindset. The focus of vertical thinking is to arrive at a reasoned, defined solution.
Maslow’s Hammer, otherwise known as the law of the instrument or the Einstellung effect, is a cognitive bias causing an over-reliance on a familiar tool. This can be expressed as the tendency to overuse a known tool (perhaps a hammer) to solve issues that might require a different tool. This problem is persistent in the business world where perhaps known tools or frameworks might be used in the wrong context (like business plans used as planning tools instead of only investors’ pitches).
The Peter Principle was first described by Canadian sociologist Lawrence J. Peter in his 1969 book The Peter Principle. The Peter Principle states that people are continually promoted within an organization until they reach their level of incompetence.
The straw man fallacy describes an argument that misrepresents an opponent’s stance to make rebuttal more convenient. The straw man fallacy is a type of informal logical fallacy, defined as a flaw in the structure of an argument that renders it invalid.
The Streisand Effect is a paradoxical phenomenon where the act of suppressing information to reduce visibility causes it to become more visible. In 2003, Streisand attempted to suppress aerial photographs of her Californian home by suing photographer Kenneth Adelman for an invasion of privacy. Adelman, who Streisand assumed was paparazzi, was instead taking photographs to document and study coastal erosion. In her quest for more privacy, Streisand’s efforts had the opposite effect.
As highlighted by German psychologist Gerd Gigerenzer in the paper “Heuristic Decision Making,” the term heuristic is of Greek origin, meaning “serving to find out or discover.” More precisely, a heuristic is a fast and accurate way to make decisions in the real world, which is driven by uncertainty.
The recognition heuristic is a psychological model of judgment and decision making. It is part of a suite of simple and economical heuristics proposed by psychologists Daniel Goldstein and Gerd Gigerenzer. The recognition heuristic argues that inferences are made about an object based on whether it is recognized or not.
The representativeness heuristic was first described by psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky. The representativeness heuristic judges the probability of an event according to the degree to which that event resembles a broader class. When queried, most will choose the first option because the description of John matches the stereotype we may hold for an archaeologist.
The take-the-best heuristic is a decision-making shortcut that helps an individual choose between several alternatives. The take-the-best (TTB) heuristic decides between two or more alternatives based on a single good attribute, otherwise known as a cue. In the process, less desirable attributes are ignored.
The bundling bias is a cognitive bias in e-commerce where a consumer tends not to use all of the products bought as a group, or bundle. Bundling occurs when individual products or services are sold together as a bundle. Common examples are tickets and experiences. The bundling bias dictates that consumers are less likely to use each item in the bundle. This means that the value of the bundle and indeed the value of each item in the bundle is decreased.
The Barnum Effect is a cognitive bias where individuals believe that generic information – which applies to most people – is specifically tailored for themselves.
First-principles thinking – sometimes called reasoning from first principles – is used to reverse-engineer complex problems and encourage creativity. It involves breaking down problems into basic elements and reassembling them from the ground up. Elon Musk is among the strongest proponents of this way of thinking.
The ladder of inference is a conscious or subconscious thinking process where an individual moves from a fact to a decision or action. The ladder of inference was created by academic Chris Argyris to illustrate how people form and then use mental models to make decisions.
Goodhart’s Law is named after British monetary policy theorist and economist Charles Goodhart. Speaking at a conference in Sydney in 1975, Goodhart said that “any observed statistical regularity will tend to collapse once pressure is placed upon it for control purposes.” Goodhart’s Law states that when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure.
The Six Thinking Hats model was created by psychologist Edward de Bono in 1986, who noted that personality type was a key driver of how people approached problem-solving. For example, optimists view situations differently from pessimists. Analytical individuals may generate ideas that a more emotional person would not, and vice versa.
The Mandela effect is a phenomenon where a large group of people remembers an event differently from how it occurred. The Mandela effect was first described in relation to Fiona Broome, who believed that former South African President Nelson Mandela died in prison during the 1980s. While Mandela was released from prison in 1990 and died 23 years later, Broome remembered news coverage of his death in prison and even a speech from his widow. Of course, neither event occurred in reality. But Broome was later to discover that she was not the only one with the same recollection of events.
The bandwagon effect tells us that the more a belief or idea has been adopted by more people within a group, the more the individual adoption of that idea might increase within the same group. This is the psychological effect that leads to herd mentality. What in marketing can be associated with social proof.
Moore’s law states that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles approximately every two years. This observation was made by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore in 1965 and it become a guiding principle for the semiconductor industry and has had far-reaching implications for technology as a whole.
Disruptive innovation as a term was first described by Clayton M. Christensen, an American academic and business consultant whom The Economist called “the most influential management thinker of his time.” Disruptive innovation describes the process by which a product or service takes hold at the bottom of a market and eventually displaces established competitors, products, firms, or alliances.
Value migration was first described by author Adrian Slywotzky in his 1996 book Value Migration – How to Think Several Moves Ahead of the Competition. Value migration is the transferal of value-creating forces from outdated business models to something better able to satisfy consumer demands.
The bye-now effect describes the tendency for consumers to think of the word “buy” when they read the word “bye”. In a study that tracked diners at a name-your-own-price restaurant, each diner was asked to read one of two phrases before ordering their meal. The first phrase, “so long”, resulted in diners paying an average of $32 per meal. But when diners recited the phrase “bye bye” before ordering, the average price per meal rose to $45.
Groupthink occurs when well-intentioned individuals make non-optimal or irrational decisions based on a belief that dissent is impossible or on a motivation to conform. Groupthink occurs when members of a group reach a consensus without critical reasoning or evaluation of the alternatives and their consequences.
A stereotype is a fixed and over-generalized belief about a particular group or class of people. These beliefs are based on the false assumption that certain characteristics are common to every individual residing in that group. Many stereotypes have a long and sometimes controversial history and are a direct consequence of various political, social, or economic events. Stereotyping is the process of making assumptions about a person or group of people based on various attributes, including gender, race, religion, or physical traits.
Murphy’s Law states that if anything can go wrong, it will go wrong. Murphy’s Law was named after aerospace engineer Edward A. Murphy. During his time working at Edwards Air Force Base in 1949, Murphy cursed a technician who had improperly wired an electrical component and said, “If there is any way to do it wrong, he’ll find it.”
The law of unintended consequences was first mentioned by British philosopher John Locke when writing to parliament about the unintended effects of interest rate rises. However, it was popularized in 1936 by American sociologist Robert K. Merton who looked at unexpected, unanticipated, and unintended consequences and their impact on society.
Fundamental attribution error is a bias people display when judging the behavior of others. The tendency is to over-emphasize personal characteristics and under-emphasize environmental and situational factors.
Outcome bias describes a tendency to evaluate a decision based on its outcome and not on the process by which the decision was reached. In other words, the quality of a decision is only determined once the outcome is known. Outcome bias occurs when a decision is based on the outcome of previous events without regard for how those events developed.
Hindsight bias is the tendency for people to perceive past events as more predictable than they actually were. The result of a presidential election, for example, seems more obvious when the winner is announced. The same can also be said for the avid sports fan who predicted the correct outcome of a match regardless of whether their team won or lost. Hindsight bias, therefore, is the tendency for an individual to convince themselves that they accurately predicted an event before it happened.
Gennaro is the creator of FourWeekMBA, which reached about four million business people, comprising C-level executives, investors, analysts, product managers, and aspiring digital entrepreneurs in 2022 alone | He is also Director of Sales for a high-tech scaleup in the AI Industry | In 2012, Gennaro earned an International MBA with emphasis on Corporate Finance and Business Strategy.
