The general concept of Bootstrapping connects to “a self-starting process that is supposed to proceed without external input.” In business, Bootstrapping means financing the growth of the company from the available cash flows produced by a viable business model. Bootstrapping requires the mastery of the key customers driving growth.
Bootstrapping, in the context of startups and entrepreneurship, refers to the practice of building and growing a business using internal resources, personal savings, and revenue generated by the business itself, without relying heavily on external investors or loans. It emphasizes self-sufficiency and sustainable growth.
Origin
The term “bootstrapping” originates from the phrase “pulling oneself up by one’s bootstraps,” which signifies self-reliance and resourcefulness. In the business context, it has been used for decades, with entrepreneurs finding creative ways to fund and develop their ventures independently.
Principles
– Frugality: Bootstrapping encourages a culture of thriftiness and careful financial management. Entrepreneurs focus on minimizing expenses and making efficient use of available resources. – Revenue Generation: Generating revenue is a priority from the outset. Startups often create products or services that can generate income quickly. – Control: Bootstrapping allows founders to retain full control and ownership of the business, avoiding dilution from external investors. – Sustainability: The goal is to achieve self-sustainability and positive cash flow, ensuring the business can support its own growth.
Importance
Bootstrapping is important for startups and entrepreneurs who want to maintain independence and control over their ventures. It offers several advantages, including preserving equity, reducing debt, and fostering financial discipline. It can also be a viable option when external funding is limited or unavailable.
Benefits
– Independence: Founders retain full control of their business and decision-making. – Ownership: There is no dilution of ownership or equity distribution to external investors. – Financial Discipline: Bootstrapping promotes financial discipline and resource efficiency. – Sustainable Growth: The focus on revenue generation supports sustainable growth. – Risk Mitigation: Reduces reliance on external funding, minimizing financial risk.
Drawbacks
– Limited Resources: Bootstrapping may limit the resources available for rapid expansion. – Slower Growth: Growth may be slower compared to ventures with substantial external funding. – Risk: Entrepreneurs bear the full financial risk, and failure can result in personal financial loss. – Resource Constraints: Limited resources may restrict marketing, hiring, and development efforts.
Contemporary Relevance
Bootstrapping remains relevant in the contemporary startup ecosystem, particularly for software startups, small businesses, and service-oriented ventures. It aligns with the “lean startup” philosophy, emphasizing efficient resource allocation and rapid iteration.
Applications
Bootstrapping is applied by startups and entrepreneurs across various industries, including technology, e-commerce, consulting, and creative services. It is suitable for businesses with lower initial capital requirements or those that can generate revenue quickly.
Examples
– Basecamp: The software company Basecamp (formerly 37signals) bootstrapped its way to success, creating project management and collaboration tools. – MailChimp: Email marketing platform MailChimp initially relied on bootstrapping before accepting external funding. – Atlassian: The software company Atlassian started with minimal external investment and grew into a multi-billion-dollar enterprise.
Inside the Bootstrapper Bible
A bootstrapper isnʼt a particular demographic or even a certain financial situation. Instead, itʼs a state of mind.
That is how Seth Godin described bootstrapping in his “The Bootstrapper Bible.”
As firms that are venture capital-backed get so much media attention, it’s easy to miss the other 99% of businesses out there that made it and that built a sustainable business model by bootstrapping.
That’s because, by definition, firms that are looking for venture capital need continuous PR coverage to play the “look cool game” to ease the hand in the pocket of the venture capitalist next door.
Thus, it’s easy to forget the army of entrepreneurs that from day one decide to go the other route and first build a viable business model, then and when they feel the time is right (if it ever is) take outside money to scale the business.
Let’s start with a simple definition of bootstrapping.
What is bootstrapping?
The general concept of Bootstrapping connects to “a self-starting process that is supposed to proceed without external input.”
In business, Bootstrapping means financing the company’s growth from the available cash flows produced by a viable business model.
This means using customers as the primary source of cash to grow the business.
The bootstrapping process is critical when building up a new company.
It is essential to distinguish between companies with very high entry barriers and those without.
Indeed, due to regulations, technological development, or capital requirements, in general, bootstrapping might hardly become feasible.
If you’re building up a new technology in a whole new market, no matter how good you are, there will be no customers for years to come.
That is because the development of that market requires that technology be mature.
It also requires an ecosystem to develop.
Therefore, in these cases, bootstrapping is not only not a good idea, but it’s not viable.
In that scenario, you’ll need outside capital and substantial resources to keep going for years before seeing the first customer.
Instead, if you’re launching a business in an existing market where other business models proved viable, bootstrapping is the way to go.
Thus, you want first to understand the playground you’re in to identify the best way to go. Steve Blank identifies four main types of markets:
A market type is a way a given group of consumers and producers interact, based on the context determined by the readiness of consumers to understand the product, the complexity of the product, how big is the existing market and how much it can potentially expand in the future.
Existing markets
Usually well-defined with existing customers and well-known competitors.
This is straightforward, and there isn’t necessarily a dominant player or monopoly in this kind of market.
Re-segmented markets
When a market, for instance, is taken over by one or a few companies (monopoly or duopoly), re-segmentation is the way to go.
Thus you enter by addressing a need that other dominating businesses can’t tackle.
We discussed several times how DuckDuckGo entered the search engine market relatively late, and when Google was already a monopoly by targeting a specific niche, users’ who cared about privacy.
Clone markets
This is about copying existing business models to transpose them either in other markets (think of how Baidu built its fortune in China due to the impossibility of Google taking off).
Or taking a successful business model in a market and transposing it into an adjacent one.
Think of the “uberization” of several industries.
New markets
In this scenario, your solution is such a novelty that it is tough to identify a potential customer or competitor.
Now, if you find yourself in a new market or trying to clone an existing business model in a clone market, where regulations might make it capital-intensive to enter, bootstrapping is not the way to go.
That’s because the market type and, therefore, the territory will determine the kind of company you can build, at least in short term.And therefore, also the go-to-market strategy you can undertake:
A go-to-market strategy represents how companies market their new products to reach target customers in a scalable and repeatable way. It starts with how new products/services get developed to how these organizations target potential customers (via sales and marketing models) to enable their value proposition to be delivered to create a competitive advantage.
However, assuming you are in an existing market or a re-segmented market, that is where the opportunity lies for bootstrapping your company.
Let’s now dive into what bootstrapping means, what its commandments are, and why it makes sense.
Another thing to understand about bootstrapping is you won’t rely on someone giving you the vision for your business.
You’ll need to have a clear vision and mission for where you want to go.
As you’re not taking outside money, you will be in control and in charge of your business, which requires a lot of focus.
Focus as the North Star
A north star metric (NSM) is any metric a company focuses on to achieve growth. A north star metric is usually a key component of an effective growth hackingstrategy, as it simplifies the whole strategy, making it simpler to execute at high speed. Usually, when picking up a North Start Metric, it’s critical to avoid vanity metrics (those who do not really impact the business) and instead find a metric that really matters for the business growth.
I am a bootstrapper. I have initiative and insight and guts, but not much money. I will succeed because my efforts and my focus will defeat bigger and better-funded competitors. I am fearless. I keep my focus on growing the business—not on politics, career advancement, or other wasteful distractions.
A bootstrapper can’t lose focus. Money is scarce at the beginning, and either she manages to build a profitable business early on, she risks failing.
Speed of execution
My secret weapon is knowing how to cut through bureaucracy. My size makes me faster and more nimble than any company could ever be.
Once again, Seth Godin makes a good point when he mentions that a bootstrapper needs to focus on being faster and more agile and avoid bureaucracy or politics.
Where the founder who took a substantial investment from venture capital might be in the position of having to show how she is putting that money in motion.
The bootstrapper has nothing to prove except that building a viable business model for the employees and the customers.
Mastery and Passion
When you build a company, especially in a re-segmented market, you better be passionate and be willing to master that niche.
Otherwise, it will be hard to gain a strong position where incumbents already have an established brand.
In short, you want to look at being the best in the world for that vertical, which requires a lot of mastery.
A little to lose but a lot to gain
As you bootstrap your way up. You’ll initially have very little to lose.
That’s because you don’t have an established business model.
And where incumbents can’t tweak their business model, as they would risk killing their cash cow – think of the case of Google (now Alphabet).
If it were to stop tracking users, it would lose its advertising business which makes up most of its revenues.
You can go all the way in. You can experiment with your business model and make money in unconventional ways.
I like to call these asymmetric bets, as you have a significant potential upside and a limited downside.
Another dimension of asymmetric betting is given by how impactful the idea can be to the business. When we have asymmetric bets that can have a high impact and are easy to reverse, we get to the “Jackpot” and go into an “All-In-Mode” of action! And how easy to reverse.
Salesmanship
If you’re bootstrapping your way up, you need to understand you are the most critical salesman of the company.
Thus, you need to understand your market, your customers, and why your solution makes sense to them.
You need to be able to communicate it.
It would be best if you talked to your community regularly, and that is how you enable bootstrap.
In it for the long-term
A bootstrapper is in it for the long term.
As we’ve seen, bootstrapping requires mastering and passion.
And those don’t go along with short-term thinking.
Bootstrapping is about survival
A lot of this manifesto is about survival. A true bootstrapper worries about survival all the time. Why? Because if you fail, itʼs back to company cubicles, to work you do for someone else until you can get enough scratched together to try again.
Once again, Seth Godin highlights a critical point in “The Bootstrapper Bible,” there is no alternative to the failure of your business.
That is why you need to be paranoid about survival.
Start from a proven business model
You don’t have to reinvent the wheel to be a successful bootstrapper.
You can start by looking at how existing companies organized their distribution, sales, and marketing and how they positioned themselves to bootstrap your way up.
Differentiate from the incumbent
An entry strategy is a way an organization can access a market based on its structure. The entry strategy will highly depend on the definition of potential customers in that market and whether those are ready to get value from your potential offering. It alls starts by developing your smallest viable market.
The fact that a company controls a market limits competition.
However, usually, that same company won’t be able to satisfy the whole market.
If you’re good at listening to those people who are not satisfied with the incumbent, you can build a business on top of that.
Thus, be careful about what opportunities an existing market hides.
You might think that as a market is dominated by a prominent player, a monopolist, you have fewer chances.
However, you’ll find out this is far from reality.
The longer a company has been monopolized, the more it might have imposed unfavorable conditions on its end customers, which might grow unsatisfied over time.
What the bootstrapper has that the big corporations don’t?
As we have seen so far, the bootstrapper starts from an unfavorable position regarding money and human capital.
However, the bootstrapper also has a few unfair advantages.
It is focused, is fast in executing, has nothing to lose, and can grow its brand equity quickly due to an intimate relationship with its customers and the ability to charge higher prices if going for a niche.
Coupled with the inability of the large corporation to cover that niche.
A microniche is a subset of potential customers within a niche. In the era of dominating digital super-platforms, identifying a microniche can kick off the strategy of digital businesses to prevent competition against large platforms. As the microniche becomes a niche, then a market scale becomes an option.
Beware, a bootstrapper is not a freelancer, but an entrepreneur
A freelancer sells her talents. While she may have a few employees, basically sheʼs doing a job without a boss, not running a business.
In “The Bootstrapper Bible,” Seth Godin highlights the critical difference between the bootstrapper, which is by nature an entrepreneur, and a freelancer.
In today’s world, that might be easily confused. But Seth Godin helps us understand the difference:
An entrepreneur is trying to build something bigger than herself. She takes calculated risks and focuses on growth. An entrepreneur is willing to receive little pay, work long hours, and take on great risk in exchange for the freedom to make something big, something that has real market value.
When to play the venture capital game?
Source:blog.leanstack.com
In my interview with Ash Maurya, we looked at when it made more to look for money from venture capitalists.
And it was clear that the best time for that is scale.
As we’ve seen, scale is not a prerogative of the bootstrapper, which is, in the first place, building a business for the long haul.
However, if the bootstrapper decides that it makes sense to scale the business further, at that point, when product/market fit has been achieved, money and the competence of a venture capitalist might help.
It is worth mentioning that if you get to that stage, you’re in a desirable place.
That’s because you managed to pass the most challenging obstacle of an entrepreneur’s path (the product/market fit), and now you have the option to keep growing organically or scale.
Marc Andreessen defined Product/market fit as “being in a good market with a product that can satisfy that market.” According to Andreessen, that is a moment when a product or service has its place in the market, thus enabling traction for the company offering that product or service.
In that circumstance, you’ll be able to negotiate the best deal to secure capital and keep control of your company.
In a few cases, even when product/market fit is achieved, the business might still be in jeopardy if the competition has picked up quickly, as scale might become a necessary condition to survive.
In that scenario, you either plan for an exit or get ready to blitzscale!
Scale requires money, and network effects
After product/market fit, you proved your business model at the point where money, which before was secondary, becomes critical.
That’s because scaling becomes a game of dominating a larger and larger share of a market.
Let’s be clear, scaling up is often a matter of choice. And as you scale, you might lose or change your initial vision.
Also, scale requires (especially in industries dominated by regulations) a strong network of people that can help pass and involve prominent stakeholders.
Thus, it makes sense to reanalyze the market and see how it has changed in that scenario.
If competition still enables you to keep growing organically, you can keep bootstrapping your way up.
If market conditions have changed, that is where you want to look at money as a way to defend your position by scaling or niching down again!
How MailChimp bootstrapped to over $700 million in revenues
How did MailChimp grow from scratch to $700 million in revenues (as of 2019)?
That would require a whole book. Yet, as a quick intro, MailChimp’s founders had a web design agency focusing on enterprise clients. And by the early 2000s, they had designed an email marketing service for small businesses.
Therefore, initially, they used the money from the web design agency to fund MailChimp.
And only in 2007 would they shut down the web design agency to focus a hundred percent of their time on MailChimp.
It took them another couple of years to transition MailChimp from an email marketing tool to become what they call an all-in-one Marketing Platform with a set of other functionalities.
In September 2009, MailChimp went freemium. Its user base went to in one year to 450,000 users.
Ever since, MailChimp has grown into a successful company.
Later on, MailChimp would use freemium as a growthstrategy. However, MailChimp didn’t start as a freemium.
When they launched the company in 2001, they didn’t even have a free trial.
The freemium is usually a growth and branding strategy rather than a business model. A free service is provided to a majority of users, while a small percentage of those users convert into paying customers through either marketing or sales funnel. The free users not converting in customers help spread the brand.
They didn’t have a clue what freemium was.
They only started to consider the freemium when they realized that each paying customer could sustain at least nine unpaying customers.
As remarked by MailChimp:
We’d never consider freemium until our “1” was big enough. Enough to pay for 70+ employees, their health benefits, stash some cash for the future, etc.
They leveraged their data to decide what pricing made more sense to them.
As highlighted on drift.com by co-founder and CEO of MailChimp, Ben Chestnut:
Ever since inception, I’ve been fascinated with the art and science of pricing. I’ve tinkered with pay-as-you-go and monthly plans for $9, $9.99, $25, $49, $99.99 and so on. We’ve changed our pricing models at least a half-dozen times throughout the years, and along the way we tracked profitability, changes in order volume, how many people downgraded when we reduced prices, how many refunds were given, etc. We’re sitting on tons of pricing data. When we launched our freemium plan in 2009, you betcha we used that data to see what would happen if we cannibalized our $15 plan. If we had started with freemium at ground zero, the story would’ve been different.
From there, the company kept building a loyal user base with its free plans, and by already having a solid paying customer base, it could also afford to add features to its marketingplatform and make its SaaS product sticky.
In the meantime, the freemium offering enabled MailChimp to grow its user base quickly (the year after the launch, MailChimp’s user base grew by 5x, its paying customers by 150%, and its profits by 650%).
Over the years, MailChimp focused on expanding its capabilities of MailChimp to have it become more and more of a marketing platform.
As a quick recap:
MailChimp founders used the resources from their web design agency to develop a scalable product. Email software for small businesses.
It took them a few years before the founders could shut down the web design agency and focus a hundred percent on MailChimp.
The company focused for almost a decade on building a sustainable customer base, able to potentially cover the cost of a forever-free plan.
By 2009, MailChimp launched its forever-free plan, quickly expanding its user base, paying customers, and profits.
The next decade would be spent developing more and more features to make MailChimp more of an all-in-one marketingplatform rather than just an email software company.
Over time MailChimp became so valuable that Intuit bought it for $12 billion in 2021!
Airbnb: the most exemplary bootstrapping case study
Airbnb, at the time, was tapping into the existing travel market.
However, it was proposing a whole new way of doing it.
That didn’t stop them from starting the business.
And together with Paul Graham, they figured out a simple objective, ramen profitability.
Serial entrepreneur and venture capitalist Paul Graham popularized the term “Ramen Profitability.” As he pointed out “Ramen profitable means a startup makes just enough to pay the founders’ living expenses.”
As Paul Graham pointed out in a piece “The Airbnbs:”
Ramen profitability is not, obviously, the end goal of any startup, but it’s the most important threshold on the way, because this is the point where you’re airborne. This is the point where you no longer need investors’ permission to continue existing. For the Airbnbs, ramen profitability was $4000 a month: $3500 for rent, and $500 for food. They taped this goal to the mirror in the bathroom of their apartment.
As Airbnb was trying to open a new market within the existing travel industry, they started from a subset of that market.
From the search volume, they knew that New York City was the hottest place for enabling the initial traction of Airbnb, and that is where they focused.
Initially, Airbnb was quite far from the company we know today.
This is how Airbnb looked like in 2008.
Source: Brian Chesky, Twitter
Airbnb’s co-founders went to New York with professional cameras and started meeting hosts and taking pictures of the places, which helped them make the platform more appealing to future guests.
This gave them a perspective into their initial niche, and three weeks since the start of the Y Combinator acceleration program, they managed to become ramen profitable.
Below is the email from Brian Chesky to Paul Graham regarding the rate of bootstrapped growth of Airbnb:
This phase of initial traction through bootstrapping to reach ramen profitability was also critical to proving the business’s viability to investors to access further capital for growth.
Key takeaways
Bootstrapping is about building and growing a business by having customers as critical investors. In short, your business is so fine-tuned around customers that it can grow organically and with high margins, thus financed by them.
The bootstrapper is an entrepreneur at all effects. She/he doesn’t think of a freelancer but ad an entrepreneur able to build a scalable business. A bootstrapper starts as a solopreneur, but if the business becomes scalable, the bootstrapper will evolve the business model.
Bootstrapping often starts by identifying profitable niches, or microniches and adding value from there.
Suggested resource
The Bootstrapper Bible by Seth Godin is an ebook that explains how to bootstrap a business.
Key Highlights
Bootstrapping Definition and Mindset:
Bootstrapping refers to building and growing a business using available cash flows from a viable business model, without relying on external investments.
Bootstrapping is a mindset and approach that involves self-starting and self-sufficiency.
Not All Businesses Can Bootstrap:
Bootstrapping might not be suitable for businesses with high entry barriers, regulatory constraints, or where technology and ecosystem maturity are lacking.
Businesses in existing markets or re-segmented markets are better suited for bootstrapping.
Market Types:
Markets can be categorized into existing markets, re-segmented markets, clone markets, and new markets.
The type of market influences whether bootstrapping is a viable strategy.
Bootstrapper’s Commandments:
Seth Godin outlines principles for bootstrappers:
Focus on shipping real work promptly.
Serve eager paying clients.
Avoid average work for average customers.
Build unique and difficult-to-replicate assets.
Scale should not be the sole objective.
Charge appropriately and deliver value.
Set boundaries and be professional.
Continuously improve and be passionate.
Customers as Investors:
In bootstrapping, customers are your primary investors.
Suppliers, employees, and partners also play a crucial role in investment.
Founder’s Vision:
Bootstrappers need a clear and focused vision for their business.
They are in control of their company’s direction and growth.
Speed of Execution:
Bootstrappers are agile and prioritize speed in execution, avoiding bureaucracy.
Mastery and Passion:
Bootstrappers need to master their niche and demonstrate passion to differentiate from competitors.
Long-Term Perspective:
Bootstrappers are in it for the long haul, focused on building sustainable businesses.
Survival and Paranoia:
Bootstrappers are constantly concerned about survival, which drives their decisions.
Starting from Proven Models:
Bootstrappers can start with existing business models and add their twist or improvements.
Venture Capital Timing:
Bootstrappers might consider venture capital funding for scaling after achieving product/market fit.
Scaling and Network Effects:
Scaling requires capital and a strong network, especially in regulated industries.
Venture capital might become necessary for rapid scaling.
Case Studies:
MailChimp’s journey from web design to email marketing and freemium model.
Airbnb’s resourceful start during a recession, focusing on a niche, and achieving ramen profitability.
A Blockchain Business Model according to the FourWeekMBA framework is made of four main components: Value Model (Core Philosophy, Core Values and Value Propositions for the key stakeholders), Blockchain Model (Protocol Rules, Network Shape and Applications Layer/Ecosystem), Distribution Model (the key channels amplifying the protocol and its communities), and the Economic Model (the dynamics/incentives through which protocol players make money). Those elements coming together can serve as the basis to build and analyze a solid Blockchain Business Model.
In an asymmetric business model, the organization doesn’t monetize the user directly, but it leverages the data users provide coupled with technology, thus have a key customer pay to sustain the core asset. For example, Google makes money by leveraging users’ data, combined with its algorithms sold to advertisers for visibility.
In a business world driven by technology and digitalization, competition is much more fluid, as innovation becomes a bottom-up approach that can come from anywhere. Thus, making it much harder to define the boundaries of existing markets. Therefore, a proper business competition analysis looks at customer, technology, distribution, and financial model overlaps. While at the same time looking at future potential intersections among industries that in the short-term seem unrelated.
Technological modeling is a discipline to provide the basis for companies to sustain innovation, thus developing incremental products. While also looking at breakthrough innovative products that can pave the way for long-term success. In a sort of Barbell Strategy, technological modeling suggests having a two-sided approach, on the one hand, to keep sustaining continuous innovation as a core part of the business model. On the other hand, it places bets on future developments that have the potential to break through and take a leap forward.
A transitional business model is used by companies to enter a market (usually a niche) to gain initial traction and prove the idea is sound. The transitional business model helps the company secure the needed capital while having a reality check. It helps shape the long-term vision and a scalable business model.
The minimum viable audience (MVA) represents the smallest possible audience that can sustain your business as you get it started from a microniche (the smallest subset of a market). The main aspect of the MVA is to zoom into existing markets to find those people which needs are unmet by existing players.
Business scaling is the process of transformation of a business as the product is validated by wider and wider market segments. Business scaling is about creating traction for a product that fits a small market segment. As the product is validated it becomes critical to build a viable business model. And as the product is offered at wider and wider market segments, it’s important to align product, business model, and organizational design, to enable wider and wider scale.
The market expansion consists in providing a product or service to a broader portion of an existing market or perhaps expanding that market. Or yet, market expansions can be about creating a whole new market. At each step, as a result, a company scales together with the market covered.
In the FourWeekMBA growth matrix, you can apply growth for existing customers by tackling the same problems (gain mode). Or by tackling existing problems, for new customers (expand mode). Or by tackling new problems for existing customers (extend mode). Or perhaps by tackling whole new problems for new customers (reinvent mode).
In the FourWeekMBA Revenue Streams Matrix, revenue streams are classified according to the kind of interactions the business has with its key customers. The first dimension is the “Frequency” of interaction with the key customer. As the second dimension, there is the “Ownership” of the interaction with the key customer.
Revenue model patterns are a way for companies to monetize their business models. A revenue model pattern is a crucial building block of a business model because it informs how the company will generate short-term financial resources to invest back into the business. Thus, the way a company makes money will also influence its overall business model.
A pricing strategy or model helps companies find the pricing formula in fit with their business models. Thus aligning the customer needs with the product type while trying to enable profitability for the company. A good pricing strategy aligns the customer with the company’s long term financial sustainability to build a solid business model.
The general concept of Bootstrapping connects to “a self-starting process that is supposed to proceed without external input.” In business, Bootstrapping means financing the growth of the company from the available cash flows produced by a viable business model. Bootstrapping requires the mastery of the key customers driving growth.
Why do some entrepreneurs use bootstrapping?
Bootstrapping is a great way to grow a business organically as it gets financed by the customers. Indeed, bootstrapping is about fine-tuning a business based on its key customers. And as a business grows without outside funding and investments, founders can keep control over the equity, strategy, and vision of the organization.
What is the difference between debt and equity financing?
In debt financing, the company contracts a loan that needs to be repaid with interests. Creditors have the right to claim their credits. With equity financing, investors endow a company with capital. The company doesn’t have to repay the money received. However, equity holders own a piece of the company and earn when dividends are issued, or the equity gains value.
Gennaro is the creator of FourWeekMBA, which reached about four million business people, comprising C-level executives, investors, analysts, product managers, and aspiring digital entrepreneurs in 2022 alone | He is also Director of Sales for a high-tech scaleup in the AI Industry | In 2012, Gennaro earned an International MBA with emphasis on Corporate Finance and Business Strategy.
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And therefore, also the go-to-market strategy you can undertake:
Source Paul Graham Twitter
