continuous-integrationcontinuous-deployment

Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment In A Nutshell

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Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) introduces automation into the stages of app development to frequently deliver to customers. CI/CD introduces continuous automation and monitoring throughout the app lifecycle, from testing to delivery and then deployment.

AspectExplanation
DefinitionContinuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD) are software development practices aimed at enhancing the efficiency and quality of the development and deployment process. – Continuous Integration (CI) involves automatically integrating code changes from multiple developers into a shared repository. Developers regularly commit their code, triggering automated builds and tests. The primary goal is to detect integration issues early and ensure that the codebase remains stable. – Continuous Deployment (CD) takes CI a step further by automating the deployment process. It involves automatically deploying code changes to production environments after passing tests and checks. CD reduces the time between code completion and its availability to end-users. Both CI and CD promote frequent, small, and reliable software releases.
Key Concepts– Automated Testing: Both CI and CD rely on automated testing to ensure that code changes do not introduce defects or regressions. – Version Control: Code changes are managed using version control systems (e.g., Git), allowing for collaboration and tracking of changes. – Build Automation: CI/CD pipelines automate the build process, converting source code into executable software. – Deployment Automation: CD automates the deployment of code changes to production or staging environments. – Continuous Feedback: Developers receive immediate feedback on the quality of their code through automated tests and checks. – Infrastructure as Code: CD often involves managing infrastructure and configurations as code to ensure consistency and repeatability.
Characteristics– Automation: Both CI and CD heavily rely on automation, reducing manual intervention and human error. – Continuous Testing: Automated testing is a core component, ensuring that code changes do not introduce defects. – Fast Feedback: Developers receive rapid feedback on code quality, enabling them to address issues promptly. – Incremental Changes: Code changes are typically small and frequent, reducing the risk of large-scale failures. – Reliability: CI and CD pipelines aim for high reliability and predictability in the software development process.
Advantages– Faster Development: CI/CD accelerates the development cycle, allowing for faster delivery of features and bug fixes. – Reduced Risk: Automated testing and deployment reduce the risk of introducing defects into production environments. – Improved Collaboration: CI encourages collaboration among developers, as changes are continuously integrated into a shared codebase. – Quality Assurance: CD ensures that code changes meet quality standards before being deployed, enhancing the overall quality of software. – Consistency: CD promotes consistency by automating infrastructure provisioning and configurations.
Drawbacks– Complexity: Implementing CI/CD pipelines can be complex, requiring time and effort to set up and maintain. – Resource Intensive: CI/CD may require significant computational resources, especially for automated testing and deployment. – Learning Curve: Developers and teams may need to learn new tools and processes to adopt CI/CD effectively. – False Positives: Automated tests can sometimes produce false-positive results, requiring investigation and potential adjustments.
Applications– Web Development: CI/CD is widely used in web development to continuously deploy updates and new features to websites and web applications. – Mobile App Development: Mobile app development teams use CI/CD pipelines to automate testing and deployment for Android and iOS apps. – Cloud Services: Cloud providers often offer CI/CD services that integrate seamlessly with cloud infrastructure. – IoT Development: Internet of Things (IoT) projects benefit from CI/CD practices to ensure the reliability of embedded software. – Enterprise Software: Large organizations use CI/CD to manage complex software systems with multiple development teams.
Use Cases– E-commerce Website: An e-commerce website implements CI/CD to continuously deploy new product listings, features, and promotional content, ensuring a seamless shopping experience for users. – Mobile App: A mobile app development team adopts CI/CD to automate the testing and deployment of app updates, delivering bug fixes and new features to users promptly. – SaaS Platform: A software-as-a-service (SaaS) provider uses CI/CD to roll out regular updates to its platform, enhancing user satisfaction and maintaining a competitive edge. – IoT Device: An IoT device manufacturer employs CI/CD to deliver firmware updates and security patches to connected devices, ensuring their reliability and security. – Enterprise Software Suite: A large corporation utilizes CI/CD to manage a suite of enterprise software applications, coordinating development efforts across multiple teams and ensuring compatibility between components.

Understanding Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment

As the notion of software development continues to expand, many adjacent facets of the software development process have become prime targets for code takeover. Examples of these targets include integration and deployment, which form the basis of CI/CD.

CI/CD introduces continuous automation and monitoring throughout the app lifecycle, from testing to delivery and then deployment. Automation during script execution reduces the likelihood of introducing errors and as a result, requires less human intervention.

Furthermore, code changes are continually built, tested, and deployed at every iteration to lessen the chances that code is based on bugs or previous failed versions.

The CI/CD pipeline

Collectively, these practices are referred to as a “CI/CD pipeline” and are supported by agile approaches such as DevOps or Site Reliability Engineering (SRE). This pipeline has several benefits for business, including:

  • The ability to reduce costs and complexities and divert resources to areas that will give the best return on investment. Ultimately, the CI/CD pipeline accurately balances project resources in the context of project constraints.
  • Improved reliability. CI/CD pipelines manage the complexity of software integration where the work of multiple developers must be combined. This is achieved using the Continuous Integration Certification Test. The test is comprised of three components: daily commits to the main branch, automated triggering of build and test, and repair from any failed build within ten minutes.
  • Making the team more attractive to developers. The chances of attracting skilled talent can be increased by implementing the CI/CD pipeline, which automatically allows teams to meet 25% of the items on the Joel Test. This gives the impression of a high-functioning, professional team.

The two components of the CI/CD approach

There are two core components to the CI/CD approach. Although closely related, each component should be incorporated by the business for maximum effect.

Here is a look at each:

  1. Continuous integration. Automation is an integral part of an effective development workflow and gives project teams the time to focus on what is important. Indeed, every task that can be automated should be automated. Testing is one such process. They should verify that the steps a customer will take through a system are working – irrespective of any changes made. This gives team members the confidence to experiment, incorporate new features, detect problems early, and deliver quickly.
  2. Continuous deployment. Essentially, continuous deployment is the release of every good build that passes automated tests into production. This requires an ability to get new features, configuration changes, and bug fixes into production. Importantly, it must be achieved safely, sustainably, and quickly by ensuring that code is always in a deployable state. This state must be maintained in the face of many developers making hundreds or even thousands of changes daily.

Differences between core component terms and phrasing

Many practitioners use continuous deployment interchangeably with another term: continuous delivery. 

However, there is a difference in meaning between each term. As we have discussed, continuous deployment concerns the automation of the release of a good build to the production environment. Some prefer to call this component “continuous release” for this reason.

Continuous delivery, on the other hand, seeks to ensure that every good build is potentially ready for production release. Ideally, this means that the build is subject to user acceptance tests.

Case Studies

Software Development Company: CI/CD for Agile Software Delivery

Challenge: A software development company wants to streamline its software development process, reduce manual interventions, and ensure frequent and reliable software releases.

Application of CI/CD:

  • Continuous Integration:
    • Developers regularly commit code changes to a shared repository.
    • Automated build and test pipelines are triggered after each commit.
    • Unit tests, integration tests, and code quality checks are automatically performed.
    • Any failures in the pipeline trigger immediate notifications to the development team.
  • Continuous Deployment:
    • Once code changes pass all automated tests and quality checks, they are automatically deployed to a staging environment.
    • Automated user acceptance tests (UAT) are conducted in the staging environment.
    • If UAT passes, the changes are automatically deployed to the production environment.
    • Continuous monitoring and automated rollback mechanisms are in place to address any issues in production.

Outcome: By implementing CI/CD, the software development company achieves faster and more reliable software releases. Developers can focus on coding while automated processes ensure code quality and minimize deployment risks.

E-commerce Platform: CI/CD for Continuous Feature Deployment

Challenge: An e-commerce platform wants to deliver new features and updates to its online store continuously to stay competitive and responsive to customer demands.

Application of CI/CD:

  • Continuous Integration:
    • Development teams work on new features in feature branches.
    • Code changes are continuously integrated into the main codebase.
    • Automated tests, including load testing and security scanning, are run on each integration.
    • Code reviews and peer feedback are integrated into the process.
  • Continuous Deployment:
    • After successful integration and testing, new features are automatically deployed to a staging environment.
    • A/B testing is conducted in the staging environment to assess the impact of new features on user behavior.
    • If results are positive, changes are automatically deployed to the production environment.
    • Real-time monitoring and analytics help track feature performance and user engagement.

Outcome: The e-commerce platform achieves a competitive edge by continuously delivering new features and updates to its users. CI/CD allows for rapid experimentation and adaptation based on user feedback.

Cloud Infrastructure Provider: CI/CD for Infrastructure as Code (IaC)

Challenge: A cloud infrastructure provider wants to manage and update its vast infrastructure efficiently and with minimal human errors.

Application of CI/CD:

  • Continuous Integration:
    • Infrastructure changes, defined as code, are stored in version-controlled repositories.
    • Automated tests and validation scripts are run to ensure code correctness.
    • Peer reviews are conducted for infrastructure code changes.
    • Code changes are merged into the main repository.
  • Continuous Deployment:
    • Approved infrastructure changes trigger automated provisioning and deployment.
    • Infrastructure updates are applied to various data centers and cloud regions.
    • Automated health checks and rollbacks are in place to handle any issues during deployment.
    • Real-time monitoring ensures infrastructure performance and availability.

Outcome: The cloud infrastructure provider effectively manages and updates its infrastructure using CI/CD for Infrastructure as Code. This approach minimizes configuration errors, reduces downtime, and enhances infrastructure reliability.

Key takeaways

  • Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment introduces automation into the software development process to help businesses remain competitive.
  • Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment practices are collectively known as the CI/CD pipeline, which is supported by agile approaches such as DevOps.
  • Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment is based on the two core components of continuous integration and continuous deployment. Both work together to ensure that automation – which should be introduced wherever possible – is present in nearly every facet of the product lifecycle.

Key Highlights

  • Understanding Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD): CI/CD automates software development stages to frequently deliver to customers. It ensures continuous automation and monitoring from testing to deployment, reducing errors and human intervention.
  • CI/CD Pipeline and Benefits:
    • The CI/CD pipeline manages software integration complexity and reduces costs.
    • It improves reliability through continuous integration and certification tests.
    • Attractiveness to developers is enhanced, showcasing a professional team.
  • Core Components of CI/CD:
    1. Continuous Integration: Automate tasks like testing to ensure system steps work, enabling experimentation, and quick delivery.
    2. Continuous Deployment: Release good builds to production automatically, maintaining a deployable state amid multiple changes.
  • Differentiating Continuous Deployment and Continuous Delivery:
    • Continuous Deployment: Automates release of good builds to production.
    • Continuous Delivery: Ensures every good build is potentially ready for production, often subject to user acceptance tests.
  • Key Takeaways:
    • CI/CD introduces automation for competitive software development.
    • CI/CD practices form the CI/CD pipeline, supported by DevOps.
    • Core components include continuous integration and deployment, fostering automation throughout the product lifecycle.

Related Frameworks, Models, or ConceptsDescriptionWhen to Apply
Continuous Integration (CI)– Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where developers regularly integrate their code changes into a shared repository, often multiple times a day. – Each integration is verified by automated builds and tests to detect integration errors and ensure code quality. – CI helps teams detect and fix integration issues early, streamline development workflows, and deliver software more frequently and reliably.– When developing software in a collaborative team environment. – To detect integration errors early and ensure code quality. – To support frequent and automated builds, tests, and deployments.
Continuous Deployment (CD)– Continuous Deployment (CD) is an extension of Continuous Integration where every code change that passes automated tests is automatically deployed to production environments. – It aims to minimize lead time between code changes and production deployment, enabling faster delivery of new features and bug fixes. – CD relies on automated deployment pipelines and rigorous testing to ensure the reliability and stability of production releases.– When seeking to automate and streamline the deployment process. – To accelerate the delivery of new features and bug fixes to production. – To improve software quality, reliability, and responsiveness to customer feedback.
DevOps– DevOps is a culture, mindset, and set of practices that emphasize collaboration, communication, and automation between software development and IT operations teams. – It aims to break down silos, improve agility, and deliver value to customers more quickly and reliably. – DevOps practices include infrastructure as code, continuous integration, continuous delivery, automated testing, and monitoring.– When seeking to improve collaboration and alignment between development and operations teams. – To automate manual processes, reduce cycle times, and increase deployment frequency. – To foster a culture of continuous improvement, innovation, and customer focus.
Infrastructure as Code (IaC)– Infrastructure as Code (IaC) is an approach to managing and provisioning IT infrastructure through machine-readable definition files, rather than manual configuration. – It allows infrastructure components such as servers, networks, and storage to be treated as code and version-controlled alongside application code. – IaC enables automated provisioning, configuration, and management of infrastructure, improving consistency, repeatability, and scalability.– When managing and provisioning infrastructure in a scalable and repeatable manner. – To automate deployment, configuration, and management of infrastructure components. – To improve reliability, consistency, and agility in infrastructure operations.
Microservices Architecture– Microservices Architecture is an architectural style that structures an application as a collection of loosely coupled, independently deployable services. – Each service is responsible for a specific business capability and communicates with other services via well-defined APIs. – Microservices enable teams to develop, deploy, and scale services independently, promoting agility, scalability, and resilience.– When designing and developing scalable, resilient, and agile applications. – To break down monolithic applications into smaller, more manageable services. – To enable rapid development, deployment, and evolution of software components.
Containerization– Containerization is a lightweight form of virtualization that encapsulates applications and their dependencies into portable, isolated containers. – It enables consistent deployment across different environments, simplifies dependency management, and improves resource utilization. – Container orchestration platforms such as Kubernetes provide tools for automating container deployment, scaling, and management.– When seeking to standardize and streamline application deployment and management. – To improve consistency, portability, and scalability of software deployments. – To enable rapid development, testing, and deployment of applications in a cloud-native environment.
Feature Flags (Feature Toggles)– Feature Flags, also known as Feature Toggles or Feature Flags, are a software development technique that allows features to be toggled on or off at runtime. – They enable developers to decouple feature release from code deployment, control feature rollout, and mitigate risks associated with new feature releases. – Feature Flags enable gradual feature rollout, A/B testing, and canary releases to gather feedback and monitor the impact of new features.– When developing and deploying features incrementally and safely. – To enable controlled rollout and experimentation with new features. – To mitigate risks associated with new feature releases and gather feedback from users.
Automated Testing– Automated Testing is the practice of using software tools to execute tests, compare actual outcomes with expected outcomes, and report test results automatically. – It includes unit tests, integration tests, and end-to-end tests to validate software functionality, performance, and reliability. – Automated Testing helps detect defects early, improve code quality, and support continuous integration and deployment practices.– When seeking to ensure software quality and reliability. – To detect defects early in the development lifecycle. – To support continuous integration and deployment by automating regression testing and validation.
Monitoring and Observability– Monitoring and Observability involve collecting, analyzing, and visualizing data from software systems to understand performance, availability, and behavior. – It includes metrics, logs, traces, and alerts to detect and diagnose issues, monitor system health, and optimize performance. – Monitoring and Observability enable teams to identify problems proactively, troubleshoot issues quickly, and optimize system performance and reliability.– When operating and maintaining complex software systems in production. – To detect, diagnose, and resolve issues affecting system performance and availability. – To optimize resource usage, identify bottlenecks, and improve the overall user experience.
Deployment Pipelines– Deployment Pipelines are automated workflows that orchestrate the steps required to deploy software changes from development through testing to production environments. – They typically include stages such as build, test, deploy, and release, with each stage automated and triggered by code changes. – Deployment Pipelines help ensure consistency, repeatability, and reliability in the deployment process, while also enabling visibility and control over release progress.– When automating and standardizing the software deployment process. – To ensure consistent and reliable deployments across different environments. – To enable continuous delivery and deployment of software changes with minimal manual intervention.

Connected Agile & Lean Frameworks

AIOps

aiops
AIOps is the application of artificial intelligence to IT operations. It has become particularly useful for modern IT management in hybridized, distributed, and dynamic environments. AIOps has become a key operational component of modern digital-based organizations, built around software and algorithms.

AgileSHIFT

AgileSHIFT
AgileSHIFT is a framework that prepares individuals for transformational change by creating a culture of agility.

Agile Methodology

agile-methodology
Agile started as a lightweight development method compared to heavyweight software development, which is the core paradigm of the previous decades of software development. By 2001 the Manifesto for Agile Software Development was born as a set of principles that defined the new paradigm for software development as a continuous iteration. This would also influence the way of doing business.

Agile Program Management

agile-program-management
Agile Program Management is a means of managing, planning, and coordinating interrelated work in such a way that value delivery is emphasized for all key stakeholders. Agile Program Management (AgilePgM) is a disciplined yet flexible agile approach to managing transformational change within an organization.

Agile Project Management

agile-project-management
Agile project management (APM) is a strategy that breaks large projects into smaller, more manageable tasks. In the APM methodology, each project is completed in small sections – often referred to as iterations. Each iteration is completed according to its project life cycle, beginning with the initial design and progressing to testing and then quality assurance.

Agile Modeling

agile-modeling
Agile Modeling (AM) is a methodology for modeling and documenting software-based systems. Agile Modeling is critical to the rapid and continuous delivery of software. It is a collection of values, principles, and practices that guide effective, lightweight software modeling.

Agile Business Analysis

agile-business-analysis
Agile Business Analysis (AgileBA) is certification in the form of guidance and training for business analysts seeking to work in agile environments. To support this shift, AgileBA also helps the business analyst relate Agile projects to a wider organizational mission or strategy. To ensure that analysts have the necessary skills and expertise, AgileBA certification was developed.

Agile Leadership

agile-leadership
Agile leadership is the embodiment of agile manifesto principles by a manager or management team. Agile leadership impacts two important levels of a business. The structural level defines the roles, responsibilities, and key performance indicators. The behavioral level describes the actions leaders exhibit to others based on agile principles. 

Andon System

andon-system
The andon system alerts managerial, maintenance, or other staff of a production process problem. The alert itself can be activated manually with a button or pull cord, but it can also be activated automatically by production equipment. Most Andon boards utilize three colored lights similar to a traffic signal: green (no errors), yellow or amber (problem identified, or quality check needed), and red (production stopped due to unidentified issue).

Bimodal Portfolio Management

bimodal-portfolio-management
Bimodal Portfolio Management (BimodalPfM) helps an organization manage both agile and traditional portfolios concurrently. Bimodal Portfolio Management – sometimes referred to as bimodal development – was coined by research and advisory company Gartner. The firm argued that many agile organizations still needed to run some aspects of their operations using traditional delivery models.

Business Innovation Matrix

business-innovation
Business innovation is about creating new opportunities for an organization to reinvent its core offerings, revenue streams, and enhance the value proposition for existing or new customers, thus renewing its whole business model. Business innovation springs by understanding the structure of the market, thus adapting or anticipating those changes.

Business Model Innovation

business-model-innovation
Business model innovation is about increasing the success of an organization with existing products and technologies by crafting a compelling value proposition able to propel a new business model to scale up customers and create a lasting competitive advantage. And it all starts by mastering the key customers.

Constructive Disruption

constructive-disruption
A consumer brand company like Procter & Gamble (P&G) defines “Constructive Disruption” as: a willingness to change, adapt, and create new trends and technologies that will shape our industry for the future. According to P&G, it moves around four pillars: lean innovation, brand building, supply chain, and digitalization & data analytics.

Continuous Innovation

continuous-innovation
That is a process that requires a continuous feedback loop to develop a valuable product and build a viable business model. Continuous innovation is a mindset where products and services are designed and delivered to tune them around the customers’ problem and not the technical solution of its founders.

Design Sprint

design-sprint
A design sprint is a proven five-day process where critical business questions are answered through speedy design and prototyping, focusing on the end-user. A design sprint starts with a weekly challenge that should finish with a prototype, test at the end, and therefore a lesson learned to be iterated.

Design Thinking

design-thinking
Tim Brown, Executive Chair of IDEO, defined design thinking as “a human-centered approach to innovation that draws from the designer’s toolkit to integrate the needs of people, the possibilities of technology, and the requirements for business success.” Therefore, desirability, feasibility, and viability are balanced to solve critical problems.

DevOps

devops-engineering
DevOps refers to a series of practices performed to perform automated software development processes. It is a conjugation of the term “development” and “operations” to emphasize how functions integrate across IT teams. DevOps strategies promote seamless building, testing, and deployment of products. It aims to bridge a gap between development and operations teams to streamline the development altogether.

Dual Track Agile

dual-track-agile
Product discovery is a critical part of agile methodologies, as its aim is to ensure that products customers love are built. Product discovery involves learning through a raft of methods, including design thinking, lean start-up, and A/B testing to name a few. Dual Track Agile is an agile methodology containing two separate tracks: the “discovery” track and the “delivery” track.

eXtreme Programming

extreme-programming
eXtreme Programming was developed in the late 1990s by Ken Beck, Ron Jeffries, and Ward Cunningham. During this time, the trio was working on the Chrysler Comprehensive Compensation System (C3) to help manage the company payroll system. eXtreme Programming (XP) is a software development methodology. It is designed to improve software quality and the ability of software to adapt to changing customer needs.

Feature-Driven Development

feature-driven-development
Feature-Driven Development is a pragmatic software process that is client and architecture-centric. Feature-Driven Development (FDD) is an agile software development model that organizes workflow according to which features need to be developed next.

Gemba Walk

gemba-walk
A Gemba Walk is a fundamental component of lean management. It describes the personal observation of work to learn more about it. Gemba is a Japanese word that loosely translates as “the real place”, or in business, “the place where value is created”. The Gemba Walk as a concept was created by Taiichi Ohno, the father of the Toyota Production System of lean manufacturing. Ohno wanted to encourage management executives to leave their offices and see where the real work happened. This, he hoped, would build relationships between employees with vastly different skillsets and build trust.

GIST Planning

gist-planning
GIST Planning is a relatively easy and lightweight agile approach to product planning that favors autonomous working. GIST Planning is a lean and agile methodology that was created by former Google product manager Itamar Gilad. GIST Planning seeks to address this situation by creating lightweight plans that are responsive and adaptable to change. GIST Planning also improves team velocity, autonomy, and alignment by reducing the pervasive influence of management. It consists of four blocks: goals, ideas, step-projects, and tasks.

ICE Scoring

ice-scoring-model
The ICE Scoring Model is an agile methodology that prioritizes features using data according to three components: impact, confidence, and ease of implementation. The ICE Scoring Model was initially created by author and growth expert Sean Ellis to help companies expand. Today, the model is broadly used to prioritize projects, features, initiatives, and rollouts. It is ideally suited for early-stage product development where there is a continuous flow of ideas and momentum must be maintained.

Innovation Funnel

innovation-funnel
An innovation funnel is a tool or process ensuring only the best ideas are executed. In a metaphorical sense, the funnel screens innovative ideas for viability so that only the best products, processes, or business models are launched to the market. An innovation funnel provides a framework for the screening and testing of innovative ideas for viability.

Innovation Matrix

types-of-innovation
According to how well defined is the problem and how well defined the domain, we have four main types of innovations: basic research (problem and domain or not well defined); breakthrough innovation (domain is not well defined, the problem is well defined); sustaining innovation (both problem and domain are well defined); and disruptive innovation (domain is well defined, the problem is not well defined).

Innovation Theory

innovation-theory
The innovation loop is a methodology/framework derived from the Bell Labs, which produced innovation at scale throughout the 20th century. They learned how to leverage a hybrid innovation management model based on science, invention, engineering, and manufacturing at scale. By leveraging individual genius, creativity, and small/large groups.

Lean vs. Agile

lean-methodology-vs-agile
The Agile methodology has been primarily thought of for software development (and other business disciplines have also adopted it). Lean thinking is a process improvement technique where teams prioritize the value streams to improve it continuously. Both methodologies look at the customer as the key driver to improvement and waste reduction. Both methodologies look at improvement as something continuous.

Lean Startup

startup-company
A startup company is a high-tech business that tries to build a scalable business model in tech-driven industries. A startup company usually follows a lean methodology, where continuous innovation, driven by built-in viral loops is the rule. Thus, driving growth and building network effects as a consequence of this strategy.

Minimum Viable Product

minimum-viable-product
As pointed out by Eric Ries, a minimum viable product is that version of a new product which allows a team to collect the maximum amount of validated learning about customers with the least effort through a cycle of build, measure, learn; that is the foundation of the lean startup methodology.

Leaner MVP

leaner-mvp
A leaner MVP is the evolution of the MPV approach. Where the market risk is validated before anything else

Kanban

kanban
Kanban is a lean manufacturing framework first developed by Toyota in the late 1940s. The Kanban framework is a means of visualizing work as it moves through identifying potential bottlenecks. It does that through a process called just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing to optimize engineering processes, speed up manufacturing products, and improve the go-to-market strategy.

Jidoka

jidoka
Jidoka was first used in 1896 by Sakichi Toyoda, who invented a textile loom that would stop automatically when it encountered a defective thread. Jidoka is a Japanese term used in lean manufacturing. The term describes a scenario where machines cease operating without human intervention when a problem or defect is discovered.

PDCA Cycle

pdca-cycle
The PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle was first proposed by American physicist and engineer Walter A. Shewhart in the 1920s. The PDCA cycle is a continuous process and product improvement method and an essential component of the lean manufacturing philosophy.

Rational Unified Process

rational-unified-process
Rational unified process (RUP) is an agile software development methodology that breaks the project life cycle down into four distinct phases.

Rapid Application Development

rapid-application-development
RAD was first introduced by author and consultant James Martin in 1991. Martin recognized and then took advantage of the endless malleability of software in designing development models. Rapid Application Development (RAD) is a methodology focusing on delivering rapidly through continuous feedback and frequent iterations.

Retrospective Analysis

retrospective-analysis
Retrospective analyses are held after a project to determine what worked well and what did not. They are also conducted at the end of an iteration in Agile project management. Agile practitioners call these meetings retrospectives or retros. They are an effective way to check the pulse of a project team, reflect on the work performed to date, and reach a consensus on how to tackle the next sprint cycle. These are the five stages of a retrospective analysis for effective Agile project management: set the stage, gather the data, generate insights, decide on the next steps, and close the retrospective.

Scaled Agile

scaled-agile-lean-development
Scaled Agile Lean Development (ScALeD) helps businesses discover a balanced approach to agile transition and scaling questions. The ScALed approach helps businesses successfully respond to change. Inspired by a combination of lean and agile values, ScALed is practitioner-based and can be completed through various agile frameworks and practices.

SMED

smed
The SMED (single minute exchange of die) method is a lean production framework to reduce waste and increase production efficiency. The SMED method is a framework for reducing the time associated with completing an equipment changeover.

Spotify Model

spotify-model
The Spotify Model is an autonomous approach to scaling agile, focusing on culture communication, accountability, and quality. The Spotify model was first recognized in 2012 after Henrik Kniberg, and Anders Ivarsson released a white paper detailing how streaming company Spotify approached agility. Therefore, the Spotify model represents an evolution of agile.

Test-Driven Development

test-driven-development
As the name suggests, TDD is a test-driven technique for delivering high-quality software rapidly and sustainably. It is an iterative approach based on the idea that a failing test should be written before any code for a feature or function is written. Test-Driven Development (TDD) is an approach to software development that relies on very short development cycles.

Timeboxing

timeboxing
Timeboxing is a simple yet powerful time-management technique for improving productivity. Timeboxing describes the process of proactively scheduling a block of time to spend on a task in the future. It was first described by author James Martin in a book about agile software development.

Scrum

what-is-scrum
Scrum is a methodology co-created by Ken Schwaber and Jeff Sutherland for effective team collaboration on complex products. Scrum was primarily thought for software development projects to deliver new software capability every 2-4 weeks. It is a sub-group of agile also used in project management to improve startups’ productivity.

Scrumban

scrumban
Scrumban is a project management framework that is a hybrid of two popular agile methodologies: Scrum and Kanban. Scrumban is a popular approach to helping businesses focus on the right strategic tasks while simultaneously strengthening their processes.

Scrum Anti-Patterns

scrum-anti-patterns
Scrum anti-patterns describe any attractive, easy-to-implement solution that ultimately makes a problem worse. Therefore, these are the practice not to follow to prevent issues from emerging. Some classic examples of scrum anti-patterns comprise absent product owners, pre-assigned tickets (making individuals work in isolation), and discounting retrospectives (where review meetings are not useful to really make improvements).

Scrum At Scale

scrum-at-scale
Scrum at Scale (Scrum@Scale) is a framework that Scrum teams use to address complex problems and deliver high-value products. Scrum at Scale was created through a joint venture between the Scrum Alliance and Scrum Inc. The joint venture was overseen by Jeff Sutherland, a co-creator of Scrum and one of the principal authors of the Agile Manifesto.

Six Sigma

six-sigma
Six Sigma is a data-driven approach and methodology for eliminating errors or defects in a product, service, or process. Six Sigma was developed by Motorola as a management approach based on quality fundamentals in the early 1980s. A decade later, it was popularized by General Electric who estimated that the methodology saved them $12 billion in the first five years of operation.

Stretch Objectives

stretch-objectives
Stretch objectives describe any task an agile team plans to complete without expressly committing to do so. Teams incorporate stretch objectives during a Sprint or Program Increment (PI) as part of Scaled Agile. They are used when the agile team is unsure of its capacity to attain an objective. Therefore, stretch objectives are instead outcomes that, while extremely desirable, are not the difference between the success or failure of each sprint.

Toyota Production System

toyota-production-system
The Toyota Production System (TPS) is an early form of lean manufacturing created by auto-manufacturer Toyota. Created by the Toyota Motor Corporation in the 1940s and 50s, the Toyota Production System seeks to manufacture vehicles ordered by customers most quickly and efficiently possible.

Total Quality Management

total-quality-management
The Total Quality Management (TQM) framework is a technique based on the premise that employees continuously work on their ability to provide value to customers. Importantly, the word “total” means that all employees are involved in the process – regardless of whether they work in development, production, or fulfillment.

Waterfall

waterfall-model
The waterfall model was first described by Herbert D. Benington in 1956 during a presentation about the software used in radar imaging during the Cold War. Since there were no knowledge-based, creative software development strategies at the time, the waterfall method became standard practice. The waterfall model is a linear and sequential project management framework. 

Read Also: Continuous Innovation, Agile Methodology, Lean Startup, Business Model Innovation, Project Management.

Read Next: Agile Methodology, Lean Methodology, Agile Project Management, Scrum, Kanban, Six Sigma.

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