Trunk-Based Development (TBD) is a software development approach where all developers work on a single shared branch, typically the main branch or trunk, for the entire duration of a project. Unlike traditional branching models, such as feature branching or Git flow, TBD emphasizes continuous integration and collaboration, enabling developers to commit small, frequent changes directly to the main branch. By reducing branching complexity and minimizing long-lived branches, TBD promotes early integration, fast feedback loops, and rapid delivery of features, enhancements, and bug fixes. It fosters a culture of transparency, accountability, and shared ownership, empowering teams to deliver high-quality software more efficiently and respond quickly to changing requirements and market demands.
Definition of Trunk-Based Development
Trunk-Based Development (TBD) is a software development approach where all developers work on a single shared branch, typically the main branch or trunk, for the entire duration of a project. It emphasizes continuous integration, frequent commits, and fast feedback loops to streamline collaboration and delivery in software development.
Trunk-Based Development relies on a single shared branch, such as the main branch or trunk, as the primary development branch for the entire project. Developers commit changes directly to the main branch, eliminating the need for feature branches or long-lived branches.
Continuous Integration
Trunk-Based Development emphasizes continuous integration practices, where developers integrate their changes into the main branch frequently, ideally multiple times per day. Continuous integration ensures that changes are tested, validated, and integrated into the codebase promptly, reducing integration conflicts and ensuring a stable codebase.
Small, Frequent Commits
Trunk-Based Development encourages developers to commit small, incremental changes to the main branch frequently. Small commits make it easier to review, test, and integrate changes, reducing the risk of merge conflicts and enabling fast feedback loops on code quality and functionality.
Feature Toggles
Trunk-Based Development leverages feature toggles or feature flags to decouple feature development from deployment. Feature toggles enable developers to release features incrementally, hiding unfinished or experimental features behind configuration switches until they are ready for production.
Strategies for Implementing Trunk-Based Development
Version Control Best Practices
Implementing Trunk-Based Development involves adopting version control best practices to manage changes effectively in a shared codebase. Organizations must establish guidelines for commit messages, branching policies, and code reviews to ensure consistency and quality in the codebase.
Continuous Integration Pipeline
Implementing Trunk-Based Development requires setting up a robust continuous integration pipeline to automate testing, validation, and deployment processes. Continuous integration pipelines enable organizations to validate changes quickly, detect regressions, and maintain a high level of code quality throughout the development lifecycle.
Feature Flag Management
Implementing Trunk-Based Development includes implementing feature flag management practices to control the rollout of new features and experiments. Organizations must define feature toggle strategies, monitor feature usage, and implement mechanisms for toggling features on or off dynamically in production environments.
Code Review and Collaboration
Implementing Trunk-Based Development involves fostering a culture of code review and collaboration among developers. Organizations must encourage peer code reviews, provide feedback constructively, and promote knowledge sharing and best practices to ensure code quality and consistency in the codebase.
Benefits of Trunk-Based Development
Streamlined Collaboration
Trunk-Based Development streamlines collaboration among developers by eliminating long-lived branches and promoting early integration. It fosters a culture of transparency, accountability, and shared ownership, enabling teams to collaborate effectively and deliver high-quality software more efficiently.
Faster Feedback Loops
Trunk-Based Development enables faster feedback loops on code changes, as developers integrate their changes into the main branch frequently. It reduces the time between code submission and feedback, allowing teams to identify and address issues promptly, iterate quickly, and maintain a high level of code quality.
Reduced Merge Conflicts
Trunk-Based Development minimizes the risk of merge conflicts by encouraging small, frequent commits to the main branch. By integrating changes early and often, developers can detect and resolve conflicts proactively, reducing the time and effort required for integration and ensuring a stable codebase.
Rapid Delivery
Trunk-Based Development enables rapid delivery of features, enhancements, and bug fixes by promoting continuous integration and deployment. It allows organizations to respond quickly to changing requirements and market demands, deliver value to customers faster, and gain a competitive edge in the market.
Challenges of Trunk-Based Development
Dependency Management
Trunk-Based Development may face challenges related to dependency management and coordination between teams working on different features or components. Organizations must establish clear communication channels, define interfaces and contracts, and coordinate changes effectively to minimize conflicts and dependencies.
Feature Flag Complexity
Trunk-Based Development may encounter challenges related to managing feature toggles or feature flags effectively. Organizations must implement robust feature flag management practices, monitor feature usage, and address technical debt associated with unused or obsolete feature toggles.
Testing and Validation
Trunk-Based Development requires robust testing and validation processes to ensure that changes integrated into the main branch do not introduce regressions or defects. Organizations must invest in automated testing, implement testing best practices, and maintain a high level of test coverage to validate changes effectively and maintain code quality.
Cultural Resistance
Trunk-Based Development may face cultural resistance from teams accustomed to traditional branching models or siloed development practices. Organizations must foster a culture of collaboration, experimentation, and continuous improvement to overcome resistance and drive adoption of Trunk-Based Development practices.
Implications of Trunk-Based Development
Collaborative Culture
Trunk-Based Development fosters a collaborative culture within the development team, where developers work together on a shared codebase and take collective ownership of the code quality and delivery. It promotes transparency, accountability, and knowledge sharing, creating a positive work environment that empowers individuals and promotes innovation.
Continuous Integration and Deployment
Trunk-Based Development enables organizations to embrace continuous integration and deployment practices, accelerating the delivery of features and improvements to customers. It promotes a culture of agility, adaptability, and responsiveness, allowing organizations to iterate quickly, experiment with new ideas, and deliver value incrementally.
Quality and Stability
Trunk-Based Development emphasizes code quality and stability by promoting early integration, fast feedback loops, and frequent validation. It encourages developers to write clean, maintainable code, adhere to coding standards, and follow best practices, resulting in a stable, reliable codebase that meets user needs and business objectives.
Innovation and Experimentation
Trunk-Based Development encourages innovation and experimentation by enabling teams to release features incrementally and gather feedback early and often. It provides a platform for experimentation, A/B testing, and rapid iteration, empowering teams to explore new ideas, validate hypotheses, and deliver innovative solutions to market faster.
Conclusion
Trunk-Based Development (TBD) is a software development approach where all developers work on a single shared branch, typically the main branch or trunk, for the entire duration of a project.
Key components of Trunk-Based Development include single branch development, continuous integration, small, frequent commits, and feature toggles.
Strategies for implementing Trunk-Based Development include version control best practices, continuous integration pipeline, feature flag management, and code review and collaboration.
Trunk-Based Development offers benefits such as streamlined collaboration, faster feedback loops, reduced merge conflicts, and rapid delivery of features and enhancements.
However, it also faces challenges such as dependency management, feature flag complexity, testing and validation, and cultural resistance.
Implementing Trunk-Based Development has implications for collaborative culture, continuous integration and deployment, quality and stability, and innovation and experimentation, shaping efforts to deliver high-quality software more efficiently and respond quickly to changing requirements and market demands.
Related Frameworks, Models, or Concepts
Description
When to Apply
Git
– Git is a distributed version control system (VCS) widely used for tracking changes in source code during software development. Git allows developers to collaborate on projects, manage codebases, and track revisions across distributed repositories. With features such as branching, merging, and conflict resolution, Git enables teams to work concurrently on different features or bug fixes while maintaining a comprehensive history of code changes.
– When collaborating on software development projects with distributed teams or when managing codebases with multiple contributors. – Applicable in industries such as software engineering, web development, and open-source projects to track changes, manage versions, and facilitate collaboration using Git workflows and best practices.
Subversion (SVN)
– Subversion (SVN) is a centralized version control system (VCS) designed for tracking changes in files and directories over time. SVN provides features such as versioning, branching, and tagging, allowing teams to manage code repositories and track revisions centrally. While SVN follows a client-server model where developers interact with a central repository, it offers robust versioning capabilities and access control mechanisms for collaborative software development.
– When migrating from legacy version control systems or when managing code repositories in centralized environments with strict access control requirements. – Applicable in industries such as enterprise software development, government, and regulated industries where centralized version control solutions are preferred or mandated.
Mercurial
– Mercurial is a distributed version control system (VCS) similar to Git, designed for tracking changes in source code and collaborating on software projects. Mercurial offers features such as distributed repositories, branching, merging, and atomic commits, enabling developers to work offline, collaborate seamlessly, and manage codebases effectively. While less popular than Git, Mercurial provides a user-friendly interface and powerful versioning capabilities for decentralized software development.
– When exploring alternative version control systems or when seeking a distributed VCS with features similar to Git but with a different workflow and user experience. – Applicable in industries such as software development, research, and academia where distributed version control solutions are preferred or adopted for collaborative projects.
Concurrent Versions System (CVS)
– Concurrent Versions System (CVS) is a legacy version control system (VCS) commonly used for tracking changes in source code during software development. CVS operates on a client-server model and provides features such as versioning, branching, and merging, allowing developers to manage code repositories and collaborate on projects. While CVS has been largely superseded by modern distributed version control systems like Git and Mercurial, it remains in use for legacy projects and environments.
– When maintaining legacy software projects or when working in environments where CVS is the preferred or mandated version control solution. – Applicable in industries such as software maintenance, legacy system support, and long-term software development projects with established CVS repositories.
Version Control Best Practices
– Version Control Best Practices encompass guidelines, workflows, and conventions for effective version control management in software development projects. Best practices may include strategies for branching and merging, commit hygiene, code review workflows, and release management processes. By adopting version control best practices, teams can ensure code quality, collaboration, and traceability throughout the software development lifecycle, leading to more efficient and reliable software delivery.
– When establishing version control workflows or when optimizing existing version control practices for improved collaboration, quality assurance, and release management. – Applicable in industries such as Agile software development, DevOps engineering, and open-source communities to promote code quality and collaboration using version control best practices and standards.
Code Review
– Code Review is a software development practice where developers inspect, critique, and provide feedback on each other’s code changes before they are integrated into the main codebase. Code reviews help identify defects, improve code quality, and share knowledge among team members, contributing to better overall software craftsmanship. By involving multiple developers in the review process, teams can uncover blind spots, promote best practices, and foster a culture of continuous learning and improvement.
– When collaborating on software development projects with distributed teams or when striving to maintain code quality and consistency across the organization. – Applicable in industries such as software development, IT consulting, and open-source communities to ensure code quality, knowledge sharing, and collaboration through peer code review practices and tooling solutions.
Continuous Integration (CI)
– Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where code changes are automatically built, tested, and integrated into a shared repository multiple times a day. CI pipelines automate repetitive tasks such as compiling code, running tests, and generating artifacts, enabling teams to detect defects early and deliver high-quality software with confidence. By integrating code changes frequently and automating the testing process, CI helps teams identify and address issues quickly, leading to faster feedback loops and improved software quality.
– When developing software applications using Agile methodologies or when implementing continuous integration pipelines to automate the testing process. – Applicable in industries such as software quality assurance, DevOps engineering, and cybersecurity to ensure the reliability and security of software products using continuous integration practices and tooling solutions.
Continuous Delivery (CD)
– Continuous Delivery (CD) extends the principles of Continuous Integration (CI) by automating the entire software delivery process, from code integration to production deployment. CD aims to ensure that code changes are always in a deployable state, allowing teams to release new features, fixes, and updates to users rapidly, reliably, and with minimal manual intervention. By automating testing, deployment, and release activities, CD enables teams to deliver value to customers more frequently and predictably, while maintaining high-quality standards.
– When adopting Agile and DevOps practices, or when striving to achieve shorter release cycles, reduce lead times, and improve deployment reliability and efficiency. – Applicable in industries such as software development, IT operations, and cloud computing to establish a culture of continuous delivery and enable teams to deliver value to users continuously using CD principles and practices.
Branching Strategies
– Branching Strategies are patterns and conventions for managing code branches in version control repositories during software development. Branching strategies define how and when branches are created, merged, and retired, and they may vary depending on project requirements, team size, and development workflows. Common branching strategies include feature branching, release branching, and trunk-based development, each with its own trade-offs and benefits in terms of collaboration, isolation, and code stability.
– When planning version control workflows or when establishing branching conventions for software development projects with multiple contributors. – Applicable in industries such as software engineering, enterprise IT, and open-source communities to optimize collaboration, code quality, and release management using effective branching strategies and patterns.
Git Flow
– Git Flow is a popular branching model and workflow for version control in software development projects, based on the principles of feature branching and release management. Git Flow defines specific branches for different stages of the development lifecycle, including feature branches for new development, release branches for preparing releases, and hotfix branches for addressing critical issues. By following the Git Flow model, teams can organize their workflows, coordinate development efforts, and manage releases systematically, leading to smoother and more predictable software delivery.
– When adopting structured branching workflows or when seeking a standardized approach to version control and release management in Git-based projects. – Applicable in industries such as software product development, SaaS platforms, and enterprise software solutions to streamline development workflows and release processes using the Git Flow model and associated tooling solutions.
Trunk-Based Development
– Trunk-Based Development is a software development practice where all changes are integrated directly into the mainline branch (often called the trunk or master branch) without long-lived feature branches. Trunk-based development promotes frequent integration, collaboration, and code review, allowing teams to detect and resolve integration issues early and deliver changes to users rapidly. By keeping the mainline branch in a consistently deployable state, trunk-based development encourages small, incremental changes and enables continuous delivery of value to customers.
– When adopting Agile and DevOps practices or when seeking to streamline version control workflows and reduce integration overhead in software development projects. – Applicable in industries such as web development, mobile applications, and cloud-native architectures to promote collaboration, agility, and continuous delivery using trunk-based development practices and principles.
AIOps is the application of artificial intelligence to IT operations. It has become particularly useful for modern IT management in hybridized, distributed, and dynamic environments. AIOps has become a key operational component of modern digital-based organizations, built around software and algorithms.
Agile started as a lightweight development method compared to heavyweight software development, which is the core paradigm of the previous decades of software development. By 2001 the Manifesto for Agile Software Development was born as a set of principles that defined the new paradigm for software development as a continuous iteration. This would also influence the way of doing business.
Agile Program Management is a means of managing, planning, and coordinating interrelated work in such a way that value delivery is emphasized for all key stakeholders. Agile Program Management (AgilePgM) is a disciplined yet flexible agile approach to managing transformational change within an organization.
Agile project management (APM) is a strategy that breaks large projects into smaller, more manageable tasks. In the APM methodology, each project is completed in small sections – often referred to as iterations. Each iteration is completed according to its project life cycle, beginning with the initial design and progressing to testing and then quality assurance.
Agile Modeling (AM) is a methodology for modeling and documenting software-based systems. Agile Modeling is critical to the rapid and continuous delivery of software. It is a collection of values, principles, and practices that guide effective, lightweight software modeling.
Agile Business Analysis (AgileBA) is certification in the form of guidance and training for business analysts seeking to work in agile environments. To support this shift, AgileBA also helps the business analyst relate Agile projects to a wider organizational mission or strategy. To ensure that analysts have the necessary skills and expertise, AgileBA certification was developed.
Agile leadership is the embodiment of agile manifesto principles by a manager or management team. Agile leadership impacts two important levels of a business. The structural level defines the roles, responsibilities, and key performance indicators. The behavioral level describes the actions leaders exhibit to others based on agile principles.
The andon system alerts managerial, maintenance, or other staff of a production process problem. The alert itself can be activated manually with a button or pull cord, but it can also be activated automatically by production equipment. Most Andon boards utilize three colored lights similar to a traffic signal: green (no errors), yellow or amber (problem identified, or quality check needed), and red (production stopped due to unidentified issue).
Bimodal Portfolio Management (BimodalPfM) helps an organization manage both agile and traditional portfolios concurrently. Bimodal Portfolio Management – sometimes referred to as bimodal development – was coined by research and advisory company Gartner. The firm argued that many agile organizations still needed to run some aspects of their operations using traditional delivery models.
Business innovation is about creating new opportunities for an organization to reinvent its core offerings, revenue streams, and enhance the value proposition for existing or new customers, thus renewing its whole business model. Business innovation springs by understanding the structure of the market, thus adapting or anticipating those changes.
Business modelinnovation is about increasing the success of an organization with existing products and technologies by crafting a compelling value proposition able to propel a new business model to scale up customers and create a lasting competitive advantage. And it all starts by mastering the key customers.
A consumer brand company like Procter & Gamble (P&G) defines “Constructive Disruption” as: a willingness to change, adapt, and create new trends and technologies that will shape our industry for the future. According to P&G, it moves around four pillars: lean innovation, brand building, supply chain, and digitalization & data analytics.
That is a process that requires a continuous feedback loop to develop a valuable product and build a viable business model. Continuous innovation is a mindset where products and services are designed and delivered to tune them around the customers’ problem and not the technical solution of its founders.
A design sprint is a proven five-day process where critical business questions are answered through speedy design and prototyping, focusing on the end-user. A design sprint starts with a weekly challenge that should finish with a prototype, test at the end, and therefore a lesson learned to be iterated.
Tim Brown, Executive Chair of IDEO, defined design thinking as “a human-centered approach to innovation that draws from the designer’s toolkit to integrate the needs of people, the possibilities of technology, and the requirements for business success.” Therefore, desirability, feasibility, and viability are balanced to solve critical problems.
DevOps refers to a series of practices performed to perform automated software development processes. It is a conjugation of the term “development” and “operations” to emphasize how functions integrate across IT teams. DevOps strategies promote seamless building, testing, and deployment of products. It aims to bridge a gap between development and operations teams to streamline the development altogether.
Product discovery is a critical part of agile methodologies, as its aim is to ensure that products customers love are built. Product discovery involves learning through a raft of methods, including design thinking, lean start-up, and A/B testing to name a few. Dual Track Agile is an agile methodology containing two separate tracks: the “discovery” track and the “delivery” track.
eXtreme Programming was developed in the late 1990s by Ken Beck, Ron Jeffries, and Ward Cunningham. During this time, the trio was working on the Chrysler Comprehensive Compensation System (C3) to help manage the company payroll system. eXtreme Programming (XP) is a software development methodology. It is designed to improve software quality and the ability of software to adapt to changing customer needs.
Feature-Driven Development is a pragmatic software process that is client and architecture-centric. Feature-Driven Development (FDD) is an agile software development model that organizes workflow according to which features need to be developed next.
A Gemba Walk is a fundamental component of lean management. It describes the personal observation of work to learn more about it. Gemba is a Japanese word that loosely translates as “the real place”, or in business, “the place where value is created”. The Gemba Walk as a concept was created by Taiichi Ohno, the father of the Toyota Production System of lean manufacturing. Ohno wanted to encourage management executives to leave their offices and see where the real work happened. This, he hoped, would build relationships between employees with vastly different skillsets and build trust.
GIST Planning is a relatively easy and lightweight agile approach to product planning that favors autonomous working. GIST Planning is a lean and agile methodology that was created by former Google product manager Itamar Gilad. GIST Planning seeks to address this situation by creating lightweight plans that are responsive and adaptable to change. GIST Planning also improves team velocity, autonomy, and alignment by reducing the pervasive influence of management. It consists of four blocks: goals, ideas, step-projects, and tasks.
The ICE Scoring Model is an agile methodology that prioritizes features using data according to three components: impact, confidence, and ease of implementation. The ICE Scoring Model was initially created by author and growth expert Sean Ellis to help companies expand. Today, the model is broadly used to prioritize projects, features, initiatives, and rollouts. It is ideally suited for early-stage product development where there is a continuous flow of ideas and momentum must be maintained.
An innovation funnel is a tool or process ensuring only the best ideas are executed. In a metaphorical sense, the funnel screens innovative ideas for viability so that only the best products, processes, or business models are launched to the market. An innovation funnel provides a framework for the screening and testing of innovative ideas for viability.
According to how well defined is the problem and how well defined the domain, we have four main types of innovations: basic research (problem and domain or not well defined); breakthrough innovation (domain is not well defined, the problem is well defined); sustaining innovation (both problem and domain are well defined); and disruptive innovation (domain is well defined, the problem is not well defined).
The innovation loop is a methodology/framework derived from the Bell Labs, which produced innovation at scale throughout the 20th century. They learned how to leverage a hybrid innovation management model based on science, invention, engineering, and manufacturing at scale. By leveraging individual genius, creativity, and small/large groups.
The Agile methodology has been primarily thought of for software development (and other business disciplines have also adopted it). Lean thinking is a process improvement technique where teams prioritize the value streams to improve it continuously. Both methodologies look at the customer as the key driver to improvement and waste reduction. Both methodologies look at improvement as something continuous.
A startup company is a high-tech business that tries to build a scalable business model in tech-driven industries. A startup company usually follows a lean methodology, where continuous innovation, driven by built-in viral loops is the rule. Thus, driving growth and building network effects as a consequence of this strategy.
As pointed out by Eric Ries, a minimum viable product is that version of a new product which allows a team to collect the maximum amount of validated learning about customers with the least effort through a cycle of build, measure, learn; that is the foundation of the lean startup methodology.
Kanban is a lean manufacturing framework first developed by Toyota in the late 1940s. The Kanban framework is a means of visualizing work as it moves through identifying potential bottlenecks. It does that through a process called just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing to optimize engineering processes, speed up manufacturing products, and improve the go-to-market strategy.
Jidoka was first used in 1896 by Sakichi Toyoda, who invented a textile loom that would stop automatically when it encountered a defective thread. Jidoka is a Japanese term used in lean manufacturing. The term describes a scenario where machines cease operating without human intervention when a problem or defect is discovered.
The PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle was first proposed by American physicist and engineer Walter A. Shewhart in the 1920s. The PDCA cycle is a continuous process and product improvement method and an essential component of the lean manufacturing philosophy.
RAD was first introduced by author and consultant James Martin in 1991. Martin recognized and then took advantage of the endless malleability of software in designing development models. Rapid Application Development (RAD) is a methodology focusing on delivering rapidly through continuous feedback and frequent iterations.
Retrospective analyses are held after a project to determine what worked well and what did not. They are also conducted at the end of an iteration in Agile project management. Agile practitioners call these meetings retrospectives or retros. They are an effective way to check the pulse of a project team, reflect on the work performed to date, and reach a consensus on how to tackle the next sprint cycle. These are the five stages of a retrospective analysis for effective Agile project management: set the stage, gather the data, generate insights, decide on the next steps, and close the retrospective.
Scaled Agile Lean Development (ScALeD) helps businesses discover a balanced approach to agile transition and scaling questions. The ScALed approach helps businesses successfully respond to change. Inspired by a combination of lean and agile values, ScALed is practitioner-based and can be completed through various agile frameworks and practices.
The SMED (single minute exchange of die) method is a lean production framework to reduce waste and increase production efficiency. The SMED method is a framework for reducing the time associated with completing an equipment changeover.
The Spotify Model is an autonomous approach to scaling agile, focusing on culture communication, accountability, and quality. The Spotify model was first recognized in 2012 after Henrik Kniberg, and Anders Ivarsson released a white paper detailing how streaming company Spotify approached agility. Therefore, the Spotify model represents an evolution of agile.
As the name suggests, TDD is a test-driven technique for delivering high-quality software rapidly and sustainably. It is an iterative approach based on the idea that a failing test should be written before any code for a feature or function is written. Test-Driven Development (TDD) is an approach to software development that relies on very short development cycles.
Timeboxing is a simple yet powerful time-management technique for improving productivity. Timeboxing describes the process of proactively scheduling a block of time to spend on a task in the future. It was first described by author James Martin in a book about agile software development.
Scrum is a methodology co-created by Ken Schwaber and Jeff Sutherland for effective team collaboration on complex products. Scrum was primarily thought for software development projects to deliver new software capability every 2-4 weeks. It is a sub-group of agile also used in project management to improve startups’ productivity.
Scrumban is a project management framework that is a hybrid of two popular agile methodologies: Scrum and Kanban. Scrumban is a popular approach to helping businesses focus on the right strategic tasks while simultaneously strengthening their processes.
Scrum anti-patterns describe any attractive, easy-to-implement solution that ultimately makes a problem worse. Therefore, these are the practice not to follow to prevent issues from emerging. Some classic examples of scrum anti-patterns comprise absent product owners, pre-assigned tickets (making individuals work in isolation), and discounting retrospectives (where review meetings are not useful to really make improvements).
Scrum at Scale (Scrum@Scale) is a framework that Scrum teams use to address complex problems and deliver high-value products. Scrum at Scale was created through a joint venture between the Scrum Alliance and Scrum Inc. The joint venture was overseen by Jeff Sutherland, a co-creator of Scrum and one of the principal authors of the Agile Manifesto.
Six Sigma is a data-driven approach and methodology for eliminating errors or defects in a product, service, or process. Six Sigma was developed by Motorola as a management approach based on quality fundamentals in the early 1980s. A decade later, it was popularized by General Electric who estimated that the methodology saved them $12 billion in the first five years of operation.
Stretch objectives describe any task an agile team plans to complete without expressly committing to do so. Teams incorporate stretch objectives during a Sprint or Program Increment (PI) as part of Scaled Agile. They are used when the agile team is unsure of its capacity to attain an objective. Therefore, stretch objectives are instead outcomes that, while extremely desirable, are not the difference between the success or failure of each sprint.
The Toyota Production System (TPS) is an early form of lean manufacturing created by auto-manufacturer Toyota. Created by the Toyota Motor Corporation in the 1940s and 50s, the Toyota Production System seeks to manufacture vehicles ordered by customers most quickly and efficiently possible.
The Total Quality Management (TQM) framework is a technique based on the premise that employees continuously work on their ability to provide value to customers. Importantly, the word “total” means that all employees are involved in the process – regardless of whether they work in development, production, or fulfillment.
The waterfall model was first described by Herbert D. Benington in 1956 during a presentation about the software used in radar imaging during the Cold War. Since there were no knowledge-based, creative software development strategies at the time, the waterfall method became standard practice. The waterfall model is a linear and sequential project management framework.
Gennaro is the creator of FourWeekMBA, which reached about four million business people, comprising C-level executives, investors, analysts, product managers, and aspiring digital entrepreneurs in 2022 alone | He is also Director of Sales for a high-tech scaleup in the AI Industry | In 2012, Gennaro earned an International MBA with emphasis on Corporate Finance and Business Strategy.
