Telegram is a messaging app emphasizing privacy and encryption, launched in 2013. It doesn’t make money yet, while it raised over $1.7 billion in Initial Coin Offerings throughout 2018, halted by the SEC in 2019.Telegram wants to keep the app 100% free while trying to sustain its growth.
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Telegram founding story
Brothers Nikolai and Pavel Durov didn’t have an easy life as entrepreneurs. Indeed, although they had launched a successful startup in Russia (their country of origin), they had to sell it and fly out from the country eventually.
Indeed, back in the early 2000s as Facebook was becoming popular, Pavel Durov heard about this social network idea. He got inspired and together with the brother, they launched in 2006, VK (formerly VKontakte). The social media app became wildly popular in Russia and Europe.
Yet as popularity grew and the company valuation skyrocketed, in 2014 Pavel Durov had to sell the company (at the time it had become the most popular social media in Russia).
As reported by techcrunch.com back then, “Durov had to sell his 12 percent stake to Ivan Tavrin, the CEO of major Russian mobile operator Megafon. The telco’s second-largest shareholder is Alisher Usmanov, one of Russia’s most powerful oligarchs, a man who has long been lobbying to take over VK.”
Pavel Durov commented it on a VK post, back in 2014:
Source: vk.com/durov
Judging by the news, as a result of my public refusal last week today, I was fired from the post of general director of VKontakte. Interestingly, the shareholders did not have the courage to do it right, and I find out about my mysterious dismissal from the press...Thus, today VKontakte goes under the full control of Igor Sechin and Alisher Usmanov. Probably, in the Russian conditions, something similar was inevitable, but I am glad that we held out for 7 and a half years. We had a lot of time. And part of what has been done is no longer reversed.
It was time to start another company. This time focused on privacy: Telegram.
Telegram explosive growth
When Pavel Durov launched Telegram back in 2013, it reached explosive growth in an incredibly short time frame. As Durov pointed out on his VK account:
Source: vk.com/durov
Telegram reached a billion messages a day 15 months after launch. VKontakte to achieve the same mark took 6 and a half years.
50 million active Telegram users are evenly distributed across continents. Among the most active countries are Spain, Brazil, South Korea, Mexico, Germany, Malaysia, Singapore, India, Saudi Arabia, Italy, and the USA. Russia's share in the Telegram is about 1%.
Only a few apps that would eventually become extremely popular (Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube) had enjoyed such hyper-growth, in the last decade.
As of 2019, Telegram has acquired over a billion dollars through two ICO offerings. Its growth exploded even further when in March 2019, WhatsApp and other Facebook products experienced an outage, and users flocked in the millions to Telegram.
How is Telegram different from WhatsApp?
As pointed out on the Telegram website, “thanks to its multi-data center infrastructure and encryption, Telegram is faster and way moresecure.”
Also, Telegram is free, and as Durov pointed out several times, it will stay open (Durov noted the company wasn’t going to monetize it with ads, nor subscription fees, forever.)
Telegram doesn’t make money, or at least it doesn’t generate revenues, as of 2019. Durov pointed out on a blog post that he “believes in fast and secure messaging that is also 100% free.”
On the same blog, post, Telegram notes that if it were to run out of money, it might introduce “non-essential paid options” to supplement developers’ salaries.
Will Telegram make money with ads in the future?
It probably won’t while Durov is in charge. As explained in a recent post:
For us, your private data issacred. We never use your data to target ads. We never disclose your data to third parties. We store only what is absolutely necessary for Telegram to work.
What features make Telegram different from any other app?
It’s not a single feature that makes Telegram different. Instead, it is the culture it built, together wit ha set of features that make Telegram unique. Below an overview of some of Telegram’s features highlighted on Telegram’s website:
Unified history Edit your messages after posting, delete them so that they disappear for everyone.
Cross-platform availability Access your messages anytime, from any number of your mobile or desktop devices.
Instant search Find the message you’re looking for, even among millions. Filter by sender to make searching easier.
Replies, mentions, hashtags Easily trace a conversation and keep communication efficient, no matter the group size.
Smart notifications Mute the group to get notifications only when people mention you or reply to your messages.
Pinned messages You can pin any message to be displayed at the top of the chat screen. All members will get a notification — even if they muted ordinary messages from your group.
Moderation tools Appoint administrators that can mass-delete messages, control membership, and pin important messages. Define their admin privileges with granular precision.
File sharing Send and receive files of any type, up to 1,5 GB in size each, access them instantly on your other devices.
Public groups Get ashort link for your group and make it public, liket.me/publictestgroup. This way, anybody can view the group’s entire chat history and join to post messages.
Customization via bots Create custom tools for any specific needs using ourBot API andInline Bots.
Telegram will use its expertise in encrypted distributed data storage to create TON, a fast and inherently scalable multi-blockchain architecture. TON can be regarded as a decentralized supercomputer and value transfer system. By combining minimum transaction time with maximum security, TON can become a VISA/Mastercard alternative for the new decentralized economy.
Source: TON White Paper
As highlighted in the same White Paper:
The TON coins exchanged by Telegram users will be called «Grams» and denoted by the TON. The Gram will serve as the principal currency for the in-app economy on Telegram, and, like any other cryptocurrency, will be available for external use.
For what uses will the TON cryptocurrency be used? Telegram highlights:
Commission («gas») paid to TON nodes («validators») for processing transactions and smart contracts;
Stakes deposited by validators to be eligible to validate transactions and generate new blocks and coins;
Capital lent out to validators in exchange for a share of their reward;
Voting power required to support or oppose changes in the parameters of the protocol;
Payment for services provided by apps built on the platform (TON Services);
Payment for storing data securely in a decentralized way (TON Storage);
Payment for registering blockchain-based domain names (TON DNS) and hosting TON-sites (TON WWW);
Payment for hiding identity and IP addresses (TON Proxy);
Payment for bypassing censorship imposed by local ISPs (TON Proxy).
How does Telegram plan to use the financial resources from the ICOs? As highlighted in the White Paper:
More than 80 percent of collected funds will be spent on equipment, bandwidth, colocation, and user verification costs. The rest will be allocated for wages, offices, and legal and consulting services.
Telegram estimated MAU growth and expenses associated with that growth. In its White Paper Telegram estimated $620 million in resources needed to sustain the growth of its users until 2021.
Telegram halted ICO
To sustain its growth Telegram raised capital through two ICOs back in 2018. However, the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) released a halt for Telegram ICO, in October 2019. As the SEC highlighted:
Telegram Group Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary TON Issuer Inc. began raising capital in January 2018 to finance the companies’ business, including the development of their own blockchain, the “Telegram Open Network” or “TON Blockchain,” as well as the mobile messaging application Telegram Messenger.
As the SEC specified:
Defendants sold approximately 2.9 billion digital tokens called “Grams” at discounted prices to 171 initial purchasers worldwide, including more than 1 billion Grams to 39 U.S. purchasers. Telegram promised to deliver the Grams to the initial purchasers upon the launch of its blockchain by no later than October 31, 2019, at which time the purchasers and Telegram will be able to sell billions of Grams into U.S. markets. The complaint alleges that defendants failed to register their offers and sales of Grams, which are securities, in violation of the registration provisions of the Securities Act of 1933.
In short, the SEC, considered the coin offering, the “Gram” which Telegram was about to release in the billions in the US, as an immission of securities in the marketplace and as such those needed to be registered.
As the SEC further claims:
Our emergency action today is intended to prevent Telegram from flooding the U.S. markets with digital tokens that we allege were unlawfully sold.
In short, the SEC claims that Telegram didn’t provide enough information to investors around the “Grams and Telegram’s business operations, financial condition, risk factors, and management that the securities laws require.“
Usually companies about to go public through an IPO, release a form, submitted to the SEC, that helps explains to investors all the aspects of the business, and give enough public information to enable both the SEC and investors to make a proper decision about the company going through the IPO process.
According to the SEC, Telegram didn’t comply with that process.
The failed tokenization
By May 2020, US court, officially stopped the TON Blockchain project, which would have brought to the release of the Telegram-based cryptocurrency: Gram.
Pavel Durov explained his point of view about the US court decision on his channel “Imagine that several people put their money together to build a gold mine – and to later split the gold that comes out of it. Then a judge comes and tells the mine builders: ‘Many people invested in the gold mine because they were looking for profits. And they didn’t want that gold for themselves, they wanted to sell it to other people. Because of this, you are not allowed to give them the gold.'”
In short, according to Pavel Durov, the US court treated the Telegram Open Blockchain (TON) as the mine, and its Grams as the gold. According to this interpretation, investors that bought the mine, could not later sell the gold, unless they wanted to keep it for themselves.
As a result Telegram agreed to return more than $1.2 billion to investors and to pay an $18.5 million civil penalty.
New and innovative businesses are welcome to participate in our capital markets but they cannot do so in violation of the registration requirements of the federal securities laws.
On its side of the story, the SEC further highlighted “Our emergency action protected retail investors from Telegram’s attempt to flood the markets with securities sold in an unregistered offering without providing full disclosures concerning their project.“
Key takeaways
Paul Durov founded a social media company (VK) that would become the most popular in Russia. He then had to sell it back to a private company owned by a Russian oligarch, and he understood the time was right to leave Russia
He then founded Telegram, an app chat, focused on privacy through encrypted messages, ad-free service, and free from any subscriptions. Telegram hyper grew that in 18 months had accumulated the growth of what it had taken six years VK to achieve
Telegram doesn’t generate revenues, but as of 2019, it collected over a billion through two ICOs (initial coin offerings)
According to Durov, the company will never make money via ads, or subscriptions. If the company needs money to pay for its developers, it will supplement it with non-essential paid options (probably add-on features to the app?)
The company experienced further grown further in March of 2019 when Facebook products experienced an outage which brought millions of users to flock to Telegram
Telegram, as it doesn’t generate revenues yet has still to figure out a commercially viable business model. Even though the company might stay as a non-profit, it will still need income to supplement its growth and infrastructure
Key Highlights
Founding Story and VK: Pavel and Nikolai Durov, having experienced success with VKontakte (VK), a social media platform, left Russia due to control issues. They then founded Telegram, focusing on privacy and encryption.
Telegram’s Explosive Growth: Telegram achieved remarkable growth in a short span, reaching a billion messages a day in just 15 months. It gained popularity across multiple countries, experiencing rapid expansion similar to major platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube.
Differentiation from WhatsApp: Telegram stands out from other messaging apps with its emphasis on speed, security, and multi-data center infrastructure. It’s also committed to remaining ad-free and subscription-free.
Monetization Approach: Telegram doesn’t generate revenue as of 2019. Pavel Durov believes in keeping the messaging service completely free and stated that they might introduce non-essential paid options to support developer salaries if necessary.
Telegram’s Unique Features: Telegram’s unique features include unified history (editing and deleting messages), cross-platform availability, instant search, replies and mentions, smart notifications, pinned messages, moderation tools, and extensive file sharing.
Telegram Open Network (TON): Telegram aimed to create a decentralized multi-blockchain architecture called TON, with its own cryptocurrency called Gram. Gram would serve various purposes within the TON ecosystem, from transactions to smart contracts.
ICO and SEC Halt: Telegram conducted ICOs in 2018, raising funds for TON and Gram. However, the SEC halted these ICOs in 2019, claiming that the Gram tokens were securities that needed proper registration. This resulted in the discontinuation of the TON Blockchain project and the return of funds to investors.
Legal Resolution: In the face of the SEC’s legal action, Telegram agreed to return over $1.2 billion to investors and pay an $18.5 million civil penalty. The project was halted, and the Gram cryptocurrency was not released.
Key Takeaways: Pavel Durov’s journey from VK to Telegram, Telegram’s focus on privacy and growth, its unique features, the challenge of monetization without compromising privacy, and the legal issues surrounding its attempt to create Gram.
Founded in 2009 by Brian Acton, Jan Koum WhatsApp is a messaging app acquired by Facebook in 2014 for $19B. In 2018 WhatsApp rolled out customers’ interaction services. WhatsApp might be transitioning toward a set of features from video chats to social commerce that might transform WhatsApp into a Super App.
Signal is a non-profit organization founded by Moxie Marlinspike and former WhatsApp co-founder Brian Acton. The organization runs a messaging app that is safe, secure, and private.
Signal revenue generation is dependent on donations and grants. To become a larger player among messaging apps, Signal has also relied on a zero-interest loan from Acton with a long repayment period.
Many Signal donors are undisclosed. However, some of the known donors include Open Technology Fund, Freedom of the Press Foundation, and Elon Musk.
Mark Zuckerberg is the principal shareholder of the company. Not only he retains ownership and control of the company. Facebook, like Google, has issued two kinds of common stocks, Class A and Class B. Where the holders of Class B common stocks are entitled to ten votes per share, and holders of our Class A common stocks are entitled to one vote per share. Mark Zuckerberg has a total voting power of 57.9%.
In an asymmetric businessmodel, the organization doesn’t monetize the user directly. Still, it leverages the data users provide and technology, thus having a key customer pay to sustain the core asset. For example, Google makes money by leveraging users’ data and its algorithms sold to advertisers for visibility. This is how attention merchants make monetize their business models.
In an asymmetric businessmodel, the organization doesn’t monetize the user directly. Still, it leverages the data users provide and technology, thus having a key customer pay to sustain the core asset. For example, Google makes money by leveraging users’ data and its algorithms sold to advertisers for visibility.
Facebook, the main product of Meta, is an attention merchant. As such, its algorithms condense the attention of over 2.91 billion monthly active users as of June 2021. Meta generated $117.9 billion in revenues, in 2021, of which $114.9 billion was from advertising (97.4% of the total revenues) and over $2.2 billion from Reality Labs (the augmented and virtual reality products arm).
The ARPU, or average revenue per user, is a key metric to track the success of Facebook – now Meta – family of products. For instance, by the end of 2021, Meta’s ARPU worldwide was $11.57. While in US & Canada, it was $60.57, in Europe, it was $19.68, in Asia $4.89, and in the rest of the world, it was $3.43.
Facebook is characterized by a multi-faceted matrix organizational structure. The company utilizes a flat organizational structure in combination with corporate function-based teams and product-based or geographic divisions. The flat organizational structure is organized around the leadership of Mark Zuckerberg and the key executives around him. On the other hand, the function-based teams are based on the main corporate functions (like HR, productmanagement, investor relations, and so on).
A hidden revenue business model is a pattern for revenue generation that keeps users out of the equation, so they don’t pay for the service or product offered. For instance, Google’s users don’t pay for the search engine. Instead, the revenue streams come from advertising money spent by businesses bidding on keywords.
TikTok is a Chinese creative social media platform driven by short-form video content enabling users to interact and generate content at scale. TikTok primarily makes money through advertising, and it generated $4.6 billion in advertising revenues in 2021, thus making it among the most popular attention-based business models or attention merchants.
Instagram makes money via visual advertising. As part of Facebook products, the company generates revenues for Facebook Inc.’s overall businessmodel. Acquired by Facebook for a billion dollars in 2012, today Instagram is integrated into the overall Facebook business strategy. In 2018, Instagram founders, Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger left the company, as Facebook pushed toward tighter integration of the two platforms.
YouTube was acquired for almost $1.7 billion in 2006 by Google. It makes money through advertising and subscription revenues. YouTube advertising network is part of Google Ads, and it generated more than $28B in revenue by 2021. YouTube also makes money with its paid memberships and premium content.
Twitter makes money in two ways: advertising and data licensing. In 2021, Twitter generated $4.5 billion from advertising and $570 million from data licensing. While Twitter generated $5 billion in total revenues, it lost 221 million.
Gennaro is the creator of FourWeekMBA, which reached about four million business people, comprising C-level executives, investors, analysts, product managers, and aspiring digital entrepreneurs in 2022 alone | He is also Director of Sales for a high-tech scaleup in the AI Industry | In 2012, Gennaro earned an International MBA with emphasis on Corporate Finance and Business Strategy.
