Event-Driven Architecture

Event-Driven Architecture

Business / By /

Event-Driven Architecture (EDA) is an architectural pattern that promotes the production, detection, consumption, and reaction to events. In the context of EDA, events are defined as significant occurrences or changes in a system or its external environment. These events can trigger actions, processes, or communication among different components of a software system.

EDA fosters loose coupling between system components, allowing them to operate independently and react to events without direct dependencies on one another. This decoupling enhances system flexibility, scalability, and maintainability.

Key Principles of Event-Driven Architecture

Event-Driven Architecture is guided by several key principles:

  1. Event Generation: Events should be generated whenever significant changes or occurrences take place within a system or its environment. These events serve as signals that something noteworthy has happened.
  2. Event Detection: Components within the system, often referred to as event producers or publishers, detect and announce events. Event detection can be automated or initiated by user actions.
  3. Event Routing: Events are delivered to the appropriate components or services that have expressed interest in them. This is typically facilitated by an event bus or message broker.
  4. Event Handling: Components or services, known as event consumers or subscribers, receive and process events based on predefined logic or rules. Event handling can involve updating databases, triggering actions, or initiating further processes.
  5. Asynchronicity: EDA is inherently asynchronous, allowing components to communicate without waiting for immediate responses. This asynchronous nature enables systems to handle high concurrency and large workloads efficiently.

Components of Event-Driven Architecture

Event-Driven Architecture comprises several key components that work together to facilitate event-driven communication within a system:

1. Event Producer (Publisher)

An event producer, also known as a publisher, is responsible for generating and announcing events when significant changes occur. These changes can originate from user interactions, system processes, or external inputs. Event producers publish events to a central event bus or message broker.

2. Event Bus (Message Broker)

The event bus, often implemented as a message broker, serves as a central hub for event communication within the system. It receives events from producers and routes them to the appropriate event consumers based on defined criteria, such as topic or subscription. Popular event bus technologies include Apache Kafka, RabbitMQ, and Amazon SNS/SQS.

3. Event Consumer (Subscriber)

An event consumer, or subscriber, is a component or service that registers interest in specific events and responds to them when they occur. Consumers subscribe to event types or topics and define the actions or processes to execute when events are received.

4. Event Handler

Event handlers are responsible for processing incoming events and executing predefined logic or actions. Handlers can perform a wide range of tasks, including updating databases, sending notifications, triggering workflows, or invoking external services.

5. Event Store (Optional)

An event store is a persistent storage mechanism that records all events generated by the system. It serves as a historical log of events, allowing for event replay, auditing, and analysis. Event sourcing is a related architectural pattern that uses event stores as a primary data source.

How Event-Driven Architecture Works

Let’s explore the typical flow of how Event-Driven Architecture works:

  1. Event Generation: When a significant event occurs within a system or its environment, an event producer generates the event and publishes it to the event bus or message broker. This event can represent a user action, a state change, or an external input.
  2. Event Routing: The event bus receives the published event and routes it to one or more event consumers based on predefined criteria. Event consumers subscribe to specific event types or topics of interest.
  3. Event Handling: Event consumers, upon receiving the event, execute the defined event handling logic. This logic can include updating the system’s state, triggering processes, sending notifications, or invoking external services.
  4. Asynchronous Processing: Event-driven communication is inherently asynchronous. Event producers do not wait for immediate responses from event consumers, allowing them to continue processing other tasks. This asynchronicity enables systems to handle high concurrency and distribute workloads effectively.
  5. Scalability: EDA promotes scalability by allowing the addition of event consumers to handle increased event volumes or specific event types. This scalability is crucial for systems with varying workloads.

Real-World Applications of Event-Driven Architecture

Event-Driven Architecture finds applications in a wide range of domains and scenarios. Here are some real-world examples to illustrate its versatility:

1. E-Commerce Systems

In e-commerce platforms, EDA is used to handle various events, such as order placement, payment processing, and inventory updates. Event-driven communication allows the system to respond to these events asynchronously and efficiently, ensuring a seamless shopping experience.

2. Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT systems often rely on EDA to manage and process sensor data, device status changes, and user interactions. Events, such as temperature readings or motion detection, trigger automated responses or notifications.

3. Microservices Architectures

Microservices-based systems leverage EDA to enable communication and coordination among loosely coupled microservices. Events can be used to propagate updates, trigger service invocations, or maintain consistency across services.

4. Financial Services

In the financial industry, EDA is applied to handle events related to transactions, fraud detection, and account activities. Real-time event processing is crucial for fraud prevention and compliance monitoring.

5. Healthcare Systems

Healthcare applications use EDA to manage patient data, monitor vital signs, and trigger alerts or notifications when critical events occur. This real-time event handling enhances patient care and safety.

Benefits and Challenges of Event-Driven Architecture

Benefits of Event-Driven Architecture

  1. Scalability: EDA enables systems to scale efficiently by adding or removing event consumers as needed to handle varying workloads.
  2. Flexibility: Decoupled components in EDA can evolve independently, allowing for easier system updates and maintenance.
  3. Responsiveness: Event-driven communication enables real-time responses to events, improving system responsiveness and user experiences.
  4. Asynchronous Processing: The asynchronous nature of EDA ensures that event producers can continue processing without waiting for immediate responses, enhancing system efficiency.
  5. Extensibility: New event consumers can be added without affecting existing components, making it easy to extend system functionality.

Challenges of Event-Driven Architecture

  1. Complexity: Implementing EDA can introduce complexity, especially in scenarios with a high volume of events and intricate event handling logic.
  2. Event Ordering: Ensuring the correct order of events, especially in distributed systems, can be challenging and may require additional coordination mechanisms.
  3. Error Handling: Handling errors and failures in an event-driven system requires careful consideration to maintain data consistency and system integrity.
  4. Monitoring and Debugging: Debugging and monitoring event-driven systems can be more challenging than traditional architectures, requiring specialized tools and practices.
  5. Event Versioning: Managing changes to event schemas and versions requires careful planning to avoid compatibility issues.

Conclusion

Event-Driven Architecture has become a cornerstone of modern software systems, enabling flexibility, scalability, and responsiveness. By embracing the principles of event generation, detection, routing, and asynchronous processing, organizations can build software solutions that are adaptable to changing requirements and capable of handling high workloads.

As software architectures continue to evolve and the need for real-time responsiveness grows, Event-Driven Architecture stands as a testament to the power of decoupled, event-based communication. Whether you’re building e-commerce platforms, IoT systems, microservices architectures, or complex financial applications, EDA offers a robust foundation for designing efficient and flexible software systems that can meet the demands of today’s dynamic digital landscape.

Connected Agile & Lean Frameworks

AIOps

aiops
AIOps is the application of artificial intelligence to IT operations. It has become particularly useful for modern IT management in hybridized, distributed, and dynamic environments. AIOps has become a key operational component of modern digital-based organizations, built around software and algorithms.

AgileSHIFT

AgileSHIFT
AgileSHIFT is a framework that prepares individuals for transformational change by creating a culture of agility.

Agile Methodology

agile-methodology
Agile started as a lightweight development method compared to heavyweight software development, which is the core paradigm of the previous decades of software development. By 2001 the Manifesto for Agile Software Development was born as a set of principles that defined the new paradigm for software development as a continuous iteration. This would also influence the way of doing business.

Agile Program Management

agile-program-management
Agile Program Management is a means of managing, planning, and coordinating interrelated work in such a way that value delivery is emphasized for all key stakeholders. Agile Program Management (AgilePgM) is a disciplined yet flexible agile approach to managing transformational change within an organization.

Agile Project Management

agile-project-management
Agile project management (APM) is a strategy that breaks large projects into smaller, more manageable tasks. In the APM methodology, each project is completed in small sections – often referred to as iterations. Each iteration is completed according to its project life cycle, beginning with the initial design and progressing to testing and then quality assurance.

Agile Modeling

agile-modeling
Agile Modeling (AM) is a methodology for modeling and documenting software-based systems. Agile Modeling is critical to the rapid and continuous delivery of software. It is a collection of values, principles, and practices that guide effective, lightweight software modeling.

Agile Business Analysis

agile-business-analysis
Agile Business Analysis (AgileBA) is certification in the form of guidance and training for business analysts seeking to work in agile environments. To support this shift, AgileBA also helps the business analyst relate Agile projects to a wider organizational mission or strategy. To ensure that analysts have the necessary skills and expertise, AgileBA certification was developed.

Agile Leadership

agile-leadership
Agile leadership is the embodiment of agile manifesto principles by a manager or management team. Agile leadership impacts two important levels of a business. The structural level defines the roles, responsibilities, and key performance indicators. The behavioral level describes the actions leaders exhibit to others based on agile principles. 

Andon System

andon-system
The andon system alerts managerial, maintenance, or other staff of a production process problem. The alert itself can be activated manually with a button or pull cord, but it can also be activated automatically by production equipment. Most Andon boards utilize three colored lights similar to a traffic signal: green (no errors), yellow or amber (problem identified, or quality check needed), and red (production stopped due to unidentified issue).

Bimodal Portfolio Management

bimodal-portfolio-management
Bimodal Portfolio Management (BimodalPfM) helps an organization manage both agile and traditional portfolios concurrently. Bimodal Portfolio Management – sometimes referred to as bimodal development – was coined by research and advisory company Gartner. The firm argued that many agile organizations still needed to run some aspects of their operations using traditional delivery models.

Business Innovation Matrix

business-innovation
Business innovation is about creating new opportunities for an organization to reinvent its core offerings, revenue streams, and enhance the value proposition for existing or new customers, thus renewing its whole business model. Business innovation springs by understanding the structure of the market, thus adapting or anticipating those changes.

Business Model Innovation

business-model-innovation
Business model innovation is about increasing the success of an organization with existing products and technologies by crafting a compelling value proposition able to propel a new business model to scale up customers and create a lasting competitive advantage. And it all starts by mastering the key customers.

Constructive Disruption

constructive-disruption
A consumer brand company like Procter & Gamble (P&G) defines “Constructive Disruption” as: a willingness to change, adapt, and create new trends and technologies that will shape our industry for the future. According to P&G, it moves around four pillars: lean innovation, brand building, supply chain, and digitalization & data analytics.

Continuous Innovation

continuous-innovation
That is a process that requires a continuous feedback loop to develop a valuable product and build a viable business model. Continuous innovation is a mindset where products and services are designed and delivered to tune them around the customers’ problem and not the technical solution of its founders.

Design Sprint

design-sprint
A design sprint is a proven five-day process where critical business questions are answered through speedy design and prototyping, focusing on the end-user. A design sprint starts with a weekly challenge that should finish with a prototype, test at the end, and therefore a lesson learned to be iterated.

Design Thinking

design-thinking
Tim Brown, Executive Chair of IDEO, defined design thinking as “a human-centered approach to innovation that draws from the designer’s toolkit to integrate the needs of people, the possibilities of technology, and the requirements for business success.” Therefore, desirability, feasibility, and viability are balanced to solve critical problems.

DevOps

devops-engineering
DevOps refers to a series of practices performed to perform automated software development processes. It is a conjugation of the term “development” and “operations” to emphasize how functions integrate across IT teams. DevOps strategies promote seamless building, testing, and deployment of products. It aims to bridge a gap between development and operations teams to streamline the development altogether.

Dual Track Agile

dual-track-agile
Product discovery is a critical part of agile methodologies, as its aim is to ensure that products customers love are built. Product discovery involves learning through a raft of methods, including design thinking, lean start-up, and A/B testing to name a few. Dual Track Agile is an agile methodology containing two separate tracks: the “discovery” track and the “delivery” track.

eXtreme Programming

extreme-programming
eXtreme Programming was developed in the late 1990s by Ken Beck, Ron Jeffries, and Ward Cunningham. During this time, the trio was working on the Chrysler Comprehensive Compensation System (C3) to help manage the company payroll system. eXtreme Programming (XP) is a software development methodology. It is designed to improve software quality and the ability of software to adapt to changing customer needs.

Feature-Driven Development

feature-driven-development
Feature-Driven Development is a pragmatic software process that is client and architecture-centric. Feature-Driven Development (FDD) is an agile software development model that organizes workflow according to which features need to be developed next.

Gemba Walk

gemba-walk
A Gemba Walk is a fundamental component of lean management. It describes the personal observation of work to learn more about it. Gemba is a Japanese word that loosely translates as “the real place”, or in business, “the place where value is created”. The Gemba Walk as a concept was created by Taiichi Ohno, the father of the Toyota Production System of lean manufacturing. Ohno wanted to encourage management executives to leave their offices and see where the real work happened. This, he hoped, would build relationships between employees with vastly different skillsets and build trust.

GIST Planning

gist-planning
GIST Planning is a relatively easy and lightweight agile approach to product planning that favors autonomous working. GIST Planning is a lean and agile methodology that was created by former Google product manager Itamar Gilad. GIST Planning seeks to address this situation by creating lightweight plans that are responsive and adaptable to change. GIST Planning also improves team velocity, autonomy, and alignment by reducing the pervasive influence of management. It consists of four blocks: goals, ideas, step-projects, and tasks.

ICE Scoring

ice-scoring-model
The ICE Scoring Model is an agile methodology that prioritizes features using data according to three components: impact, confidence, and ease of implementation. The ICE Scoring Model was initially created by author and growth expert Sean Ellis to help companies expand. Today, the model is broadly used to prioritize projects, features, initiatives, and rollouts. It is ideally suited for early-stage product development where there is a continuous flow of ideas and momentum must be maintained.

Innovation Funnel

innovation-funnel
An innovation funnel is a tool or process ensuring only the best ideas are executed. In a metaphorical sense, the funnel screens innovative ideas for viability so that only the best products, processes, or business models are launched to the market. An innovation funnel provides a framework for the screening and testing of innovative ideas for viability.

Innovation Matrix

types-of-innovation
According to how well defined is the problem and how well defined the domain, we have four main types of innovations: basic research (problem and domain or not well defined); breakthrough innovation (domain is not well defined, the problem is well defined); sustaining innovation (both problem and domain are well defined); and disruptive innovation (domain is well defined, the problem is not well defined).

Innovation Theory

innovation-theory
The innovation loop is a methodology/framework derived from the Bell Labs, which produced innovation at scale throughout the 20th century. They learned how to leverage a hybrid innovation management model based on science, invention, engineering, and manufacturing at scale. By leveraging individual genius, creativity, and small/large groups.

Lean vs. Agile

lean-methodology-vs-agile
The Agile methodology has been primarily thought of for software development (and other business disciplines have also adopted it). Lean thinking is a process improvement technique where teams prioritize the value streams to improve it continuously. Both methodologies look at the customer as the key driver to improvement and waste reduction. Both methodologies look at improvement as something continuous.

Lean Startup

startup-company
A startup company is a high-tech business that tries to build a scalable business model in tech-driven industries. A startup company usually follows a lean methodology, where continuous innovation, driven by built-in viral loops is the rule. Thus, driving growth and building network effects as a consequence of this strategy.

Minimum Viable Product

minimum-viable-product
As pointed out by Eric Ries, a minimum viable product is that version of a new product which allows a team to collect the maximum amount of validated learning about customers with the least effort through a cycle of build, measure, learn; that is the foundation of the lean startup methodology.

Leaner MVP

leaner-mvp
A leaner MVP is the evolution of the MPV approach. Where the market risk is validated before anything else

Kanban

kanban
Kanban is a lean manufacturing framework first developed by Toyota in the late 1940s. The Kanban framework is a means of visualizing work as it moves through identifying potential bottlenecks. It does that through a process called just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing to optimize engineering processes, speed up manufacturing products, and improve the go-to-market strategy.

Jidoka

jidoka
Jidoka was first used in 1896 by Sakichi Toyoda, who invented a textile loom that would stop automatically when it encountered a defective thread. Jidoka is a Japanese term used in lean manufacturing. The term describes a scenario where machines cease operating without human intervention when a problem or defect is discovered.

PDCA Cycle

pdca-cycle
The PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle was first proposed by American physicist and engineer Walter A. Shewhart in the 1920s. The PDCA cycle is a continuous process and product improvement method and an essential component of the lean manufacturing philosophy.

Rational Unified Process

rational-unified-process
Rational unified process (RUP) is an agile software development methodology that breaks the project life cycle down into four distinct phases.

Rapid Application Development

rapid-application-development
RAD was first introduced by author and consultant James Martin in 1991. Martin recognized and then took advantage of the endless malleability of software in designing development models. Rapid Application Development (RAD) is a methodology focusing on delivering rapidly through continuous feedback and frequent iterations.

Retrospective Analysis

retrospective-analysis
Retrospective analyses are held after a project to determine what worked well and what did not. They are also conducted at the end of an iteration in Agile project management. Agile practitioners call these meetings retrospectives or retros. They are an effective way to check the pulse of a project team, reflect on the work performed to date, and reach a consensus on how to tackle the next sprint cycle. These are the five stages of a retrospective analysis for effective Agile project management: set the stage, gather the data, generate insights, decide on the next steps, and close the retrospective.

Scaled Agile

scaled-agile-lean-development
Scaled Agile Lean Development (ScALeD) helps businesses discover a balanced approach to agile transition and scaling questions. The ScALed approach helps businesses successfully respond to change. Inspired by a combination of lean and agile values, ScALed is practitioner-based and can be completed through various agile frameworks and practices.

SMED

smed
The SMED (single minute exchange of die) method is a lean production framework to reduce waste and increase production efficiency. The SMED method is a framework for reducing the time associated with completing an equipment changeover.

Spotify Model

spotify-model
The Spotify Model is an autonomous approach to scaling agile, focusing on culture communication, accountability, and quality. The Spotify model was first recognized in 2012 after Henrik Kniberg, and Anders Ivarsson released a white paper detailing how streaming company Spotify approached agility. Therefore, the Spotify model represents an evolution of agile.

Test-Driven Development

test-driven-development
As the name suggests, TDD is a test-driven technique for delivering high-quality software rapidly and sustainably. It is an iterative approach based on the idea that a failing test should be written before any code for a feature or function is written. Test-Driven Development (TDD) is an approach to software development that relies on very short development cycles.

Timeboxing

timeboxing
Timeboxing is a simple yet powerful time-management technique for improving productivity. Timeboxing describes the process of proactively scheduling a block of time to spend on a task in the future. It was first described by author James Martin in a book about agile software development.

Scrum

what-is-scrum
Scrum is a methodology co-created by Ken Schwaber and Jeff Sutherland for effective team collaboration on complex products. Scrum was primarily thought for software development projects to deliver new software capability every 2-4 weeks. It is a sub-group of agile also used in project management to improve startups’ productivity.

Scrumban

scrumban
Scrumban is a project management framework that is a hybrid of two popular agile methodologies: Scrum and Kanban. Scrumban is a popular approach to helping businesses focus on the right strategic tasks while simultaneously strengthening their processes.

Scrum Anti-Patterns

scrum-anti-patterns
Scrum anti-patterns describe any attractive, easy-to-implement solution that ultimately makes a problem worse. Therefore, these are the practice not to follow to prevent issues from emerging. Some classic examples of scrum anti-patterns comprise absent product owners, pre-assigned tickets (making individuals work in isolation), and discounting retrospectives (where review meetings are not useful to really make improvements).

Scrum At Scale

scrum-at-scale
Scrum at Scale (Scrum@Scale) is a framework that Scrum teams use to address complex problems and deliver high-value products. Scrum at Scale was created through a joint venture between the Scrum Alliance and Scrum Inc. The joint venture was overseen by Jeff Sutherland, a co-creator of Scrum and one of the principal authors of the Agile Manifesto.

Six Sigma

six-sigma
Six Sigma is a data-driven approach and methodology for eliminating errors or defects in a product, service, or process. Six Sigma was developed by Motorola as a management approach based on quality fundamentals in the early 1980s. A decade later, it was popularized by General Electric who estimated that the methodology saved them $12 billion in the first five years of operation.

Stretch Objectives

stretch-objectives
Stretch objectives describe any task an agile team plans to complete without expressly committing to do so. Teams incorporate stretch objectives during a Sprint or Program Increment (PI) as part of Scaled Agile. They are used when the agile team is unsure of its capacity to attain an objective. Therefore, stretch objectives are instead outcomes that, while extremely desirable, are not the difference between the success or failure of each sprint.

Toyota Production System

toyota-production-system
The Toyota Production System (TPS) is an early form of lean manufacturing created by auto-manufacturer Toyota. Created by the Toyota Motor Corporation in the 1940s and 50s, the Toyota Production System seeks to manufacture vehicles ordered by customers most quickly and efficiently possible.

Total Quality Management

total-quality-management
The Total Quality Management (TQM) framework is a technique based on the premise that employees continuously work on their ability to provide value to customers. Importantly, the word “total” means that all employees are involved in the process – regardless of whether they work in development, production, or fulfillment.

Waterfall

waterfall-model
The waterfall model was first described by Herbert D. Benington in 1956 during a presentation about the software used in radar imaging during the Cold War. Since there were no knowledge-based, creative software development strategies at the time, the waterfall method became standard practice. The waterfall model is a linear and sequential project management framework. 

Read Also: Continuous Innovation, Agile Methodology, Lean Startup, Business Model Innovation, Project Management.

Read Next: Agile Methodology, Lean Methodology, Agile Project Management, Scrum, Kanban, Six Sigma.

Main Guides:

Main Case Studies:

More Resources

Discover more from FourWeekMBA

Subscribe now to keep reading and get access to the full archive.

Continue reading

Scroll to Top
FourWeekMBA