Entrepreneurship is a continuous quest for real-world problem-solving. The success of a business is measured by how well you helped people solve those problems. While entrepreneurs can rely on methodologies, systems, and processes, they also need to know when to revert to instinct and leverage on their experience.
Entrepreneurship as a continuous quest
The game of science is, in principle, without end. He who decides one day that scientific statements do not call for any further test, and that they can be regarded as finally verified, retires from the game.
Karl R. Popper
There is a lot of discussion around how entrepreneurship can leverage on the scientific method to uncover important problems in the real world.
There is one issue though, not many understand the difference between science and scientism, and what part of science is actually useful to entrepreneurs; and what’s the part that is harmful instead.
Thus, I want to make a bit of clarity around the topic.
One thing to understand about science is that it is a quest that never ends.
With that in mind, as an entrepreneur, you help to define the key problems that customers face, better and better and as a result, the business gains traction.
But rather than do that theoretically, or make too many assumptions, the key advantage of an entrepreneur is that the real world becomes a lab to test those assumptions and define and fine-tune the problem around your key customers.
It’s like a never-ending loop, where who gets smarter at fine-tuning the core problem during a time period will also build the most valuable company.
Entrepreneurship as the courage to test untested hypotheses
The man who is striving to solve a problem defined by existing knowledge and technique is not, however, just looking around. He knows what he wants to achieve, and he designs his instruments and directs his thoughts accordingly. Unanticipated novelty, the new discovery, can emerge only to the extent that his anticipations about nature and his instruments prove wrong. . . . There is no other effective way in which discoveries might be generated.
Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Markets values untested hypotheses. Of course, there is a sweet spot between hypotheses that are too wildly untested and those who are outside the status quo who can get you far.
As an entrepreneur, you get to choose the kind of bets you want to take but as you grow bets that seemed impossible become bearable; and the more you can take the chance to test untested hypotheses the more you might gain a competitive advantage.
Entrepreneurship as problem-solving in the real-world
Whenever a theory appears to you as the only possible one, take this as a sign that you have neither understood the theory nor the problem which it was intended to solve.
Karl Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery
Karl Popper is one of the most influential figures of the 20th century. In his works, he formalized the scientific methodology not as a method of positive discovery, but rather as a method of falsification.
That means the theory is scientific only if it can be refuted.
In short, a theory to be scientific in the first place needs to be falsifiable or to be proven wrong. If it isn’t it can’t be called scientific. Therefore, knowledge doesn’t proceed positively, but rather via negativa (by proving what’s wrong not what’s right).
Thus, knowledge might just produce theories that displace the previous, where the new theory is slightly better than the prior but never true in absolute terms. Indeed, a new theory that will falsify the previous will be the new accepted model.
In this article, the assumption is that you’re starting from scratch, therefore there is no business yet. You will need to lay the foundation of the first three building blocks that will help you build a solid company:
- Problem
- Solution
- Monetization
Once those three building blocks will generate a positive feedback loop, that is when you’re ready to move forward and build the remaining blocks:
- Value proposition
- Distribution and growth channels
In short, instead of moving with a theoretical approach where we clearly define our value proposition. We let the value proposition be defined by the people that use our product or service: our customers.
And as our customers come in we’ll master the places where they hang out, be them physical places or digital platforms. And as we do we’ll build a solid distribution strategy.
But for now, let’s focus on the first three building blocks: problem > solution > monetization and back to the problem.
Don’t stress too much on understanding right now the problem, because the real world will help you tune it. And tests and experiments can help you – with time – to master it.
One way for us to uncover real problems is through revealed preferences.
For instance, sustainable monetization in business matters not because we need to make money at all cost, but because it informs us about the real preferences people have around our business.
That is because a cash payment from your customers is the best trust signal you can get for a bootstrapped organization which reveals the preferences of your most important investors: customers.
Why business model design matters
Business model design, business engineering, and design thinking have become key ingredients of digital companies’ long-term success. But how do you build a business model that is prone to work?
It is tempting to imagine that you scatch down on a piece of paper a business model, you execute it and explosive organic growth is guaranteed. However, that almost never happens.
Beyond a few rare successful companies that managed to get to product-market fit quickly (those who win the lottery). The process of business model design, execution, testing, and iteration is a long journey which, in some cases can last years.
If you look at companies like Tesla, Uber, Slack and many others. While those companies achieved exponential growth, thanks also to their business models. Those same models are still in a process of evolution and tweaking to prove to work in the very long-term.
Thus, it is important to understand that to build a successful business model you will need a lot of testing, experimentation, and continuous iteration.
In short, unless you might have stumbled randomly on the most successful business model that will make you a billionaire. For all us human beings, there is no shortcut around a process and loop of experimentation in business modeling and it all starts by formulating a few basic tentative hypotheses.
Business model tentative hypotheses
When starting out with business model design it’s easy to draw into too many details, look at too many building blocks and assume that you need to know all beforehand.
In reality, the least assumptions you make, and the more those assumptions are specific and can be tested, the more you would be setting the ground for building a successful business model.
So where do we start? We need to take into account five key elements to validate the idea and move toward the first sustainable business model:
- Tentative Problem hypothesis: what might be the core problem my potential customers are experiencing?
- Solution hypothesis (and demo design): what’s the core solution I can provide to them? Can I draft a demo of that potential solution to see if there is enough interest in the product/service offered?
- Experiment design: how can a test quickly and cheaply whether the core problem fits the core solution?
- Expectation and duration: how long will I run it? And what makes it successful?
- Measure: stop or iterate. Did it work? If not was there a clear sign it didn’t work? Or is there some ambiguity?
Case study: Subscription-Based Magazine Business Model With Curated Newsletter
For the sake of helping our potential customers formulate the problem not in words but in actions (payments or specific actions), we’ll start by formulating a key tentative hypothesis:
- Problem Hypothesis: there is a potential audience that needs curated content in the vertical of historic fiction.
- Solution Hypothesis (and demo design): I will provide a curated newsletter in the format of the magazine which talks about historic fiction (be very specific). It will be delivered weekly at a price of $9.99.
- Experiment design: I will build a landing page announcing the magazine coming up soon by driving traffic from guest posts and some paid ads to have people submit their email. I will also A/B test two potential CTAs, one with the email subscription and the other for the pre-order of the magazine.
- Expectation and duration: I expect to run this campaign for a month to drive about 10,000 people on the landing page. The campaign will be successful if 5% of people landed will subscribe or 1% of people landed will pre-order the service.
- Measure: On the landing page I had a 3% conversion rate of subscribers (ambiguous). On the landing page, I had 5% of subscribers (successful). On the landing page I had 0.2% of pre-orders (failed).
If the experiment failed badly you have a clear outcome. If it was successful, you also had a good signal of it working.
If it was ambiguous it is your shot to keep testing if you believe in the project. Thus, do not leave it all up to the process, but keep some intuition, and instinct to it.
Randomness and errors
Truth emerges more readily from error than from confusion.
Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Having a single process, or method to deal with the real world makes you a weak entrepreneur.
Instead, if your success is measured to solve real-world problems, it is important to have an adaptive toolbox, a set of methodologies and heuristics that can help you deal with different scenarios and circumstances.
At the same time, you want to keep a small part of that whole process random. That’s because a bit of confusion and messiness can actually help stumble upon serendipitous opportunities that a clear, defined process would have not uncovered.
Instinct and guts
As an entrepreneur while methodologies and processes might help automate systems when they start working out.
When those systems stop working, when real-life scenarios become extremely ambiguous, you need to figure things out again. That calls up for instinct, intuition, and guts.
As an entrepreneur, you want to cherish your ability to turn to those weapons when those times come. And go back to methodologies, processes, and systems when things do work out until they don’t.
Key Highlights:
- Entrepreneurship as Continuous Problem-Solving:
- Entrepreneurship involves constantly identifying and solving real-world problems.
- Business success is measured by the effectiveness of problem-solving for customers.
- Entrepreneurs use methodologies, systems, and processes, but also rely on instincts and experience when necessary.
- Entrepreneurship as Testing Hypotheses:
- Like the scientific method, entrepreneurship involves testing untested hypotheses to achieve breakthroughs.
- Markets value untested hypotheses, and as businesses grow, they can take more calculated risks to gain a competitive advantage.
- Entrepreneurship as Real-World Problem-Solving:
- Entrepreneurs use the real world as a laboratory to validate business ideas and test assumptions.
- Business model experiments are conducted in the real world to refine solutions and understand customer preferences.
- Karl Popper’s Influence:
- Karl Popper’s philosophy of science emphasizes falsifiability and the need for theories to be refutable.
- Entrepreneurs use real-world experiments to falsify or refine their hypotheses, leading to the evolution of their business models.
- Building a Solid Business Foundation:
- The first three building blocks of a business model are Problem, Solution, and Monetization.
- These building blocks create a positive feedback loop, allowing entrepreneurs to refine their business models.
- Importance of Business Model Design:
- Business model design, engineering, and design thinking are crucial for long-term success.
- Developing a successful business model involves a process of testing, experimentation, and continuous iteration.
- Business Model Tentative Hypotheses:
- Starting with basic assumptions that are specific and testable is key to building a successful business model.
- Focus on key elements: Problem Hypothesis, Solution Hypothesis (including a demo design), Experiment Design, Expectations and Duration, and Measuring success.
- Case Study: Subscription-Based Magazine Business Model:
- The case study demonstrates how to formulate and test hypotheses for a business model.
- Steps include formulating the problem and solution hypotheses, designing experiments, setting expectations, and measuring outcomes.
- Randomness and Errors:
- Entrepreneurship requires adaptability, using a toolbox of methodologies and heuristics for different scenarios.
- Embracing some randomness and confusion can lead to serendipitous opportunities that structured processes might miss.
- Instinct and Guts:
- Entrepreneurs should balance methodologies and processes with instinct and intuition.
- When faced with ambiguous or uncertain situations, relying on instinct and guts can guide decision-making.
| Key Concept | Description | When to Apply | Advantages of Following It |
|---|---|---|---|
| Entrepreneurship as Continuous Problem-Solving | Entrepreneurship revolves around the constant identification and resolution of real-world problems. Business success is determined by the efficacy of problem-solving for customers. Entrepreneurs utilize methodologies, systems, and processes, along with instincts and experience when needed. | Throughout the entrepreneurial journey. | 1. Continuous adaptation to changing market demands. 2. Enhanced customer satisfaction through effective problem-solving. |
| Entrepreneurship as Testing Hypotheses | Similar to the scientific method, entrepreneurship entails testing unproven hypotheses to achieve breakthroughs. Markets value untested hypotheses, and as businesses grow, they can take more calculated risks for a competitive edge. When developing new products, services, or strategies. | 1. Exploration of innovative solutions and market opportunities. 2. Improved decision-making through evidence-based insights. | 1. Risk of sticking to outdated strategies and assumptions. 2. Missed chances to differentiate and excel in the market. |
| Entrepreneurship as Real-World Problem-Solving | Entrepreneurs utilize the real world as a laboratory to validate business ideas and test assumptions. Business model experiments are conducted in real-world scenarios to refine solutions and understand customer preferences. When validating business ideas and refining solutions. | 1. Practical validation of business concepts and hypotheses. 2. Alignment with actual customer needs and preferences. | 1. Potential misalignment with market realities and customer demands. 2. Limited understanding of actual market dynamics and preferences. |
| Karl Popper’s Influence | Karl Popper’s philosophy of science emphasizes falsifiability and the need for theories to be refutable. Entrepreneurs employ real-world experiments to falsify or refine their hypotheses, leading to the evolution of their business models. During the development and refinement of business models. | 1. Emphasis on evidence-based decision-making and adaptability. 2. Evolution of business models based on empirical insights. | 1. Reliance on untested assumptions and resistance to change. 2. Missed opportunities for business model improvement and innovation. |
| Building a Solid Business Foundation | The initial three building blocks of a business model are Problem, Solution, and Monetization. These building blocks create a positive feedback loop, allowing entrepreneurs to refine their business models continuously. When establishing a new business or refining an existing one. | 1. Creation of a strong foundation for sustainable growth. 2. Continuous improvement and optimization of business models. | 1. Risk of building on shaky foundations and encountering operational challenges. 2. Limited adaptability and scalability potential. |
| Importance of Business Model Design | Business model design, engineering, and design thinking are vital for long-term success. Developing a successful business model involves a process of testing, experimentation, and continuous iteration. Throughout the business planning and development process. | 1. Enhanced adaptability to market changes and customer feedback. 2. Improved long-term sustainability and competitiveness. | 1. Potential inflexibility in response to market dynamics and customer needs. 2. Missed opportunities for business model innovation. |
| Business Model Tentative Hypotheses | Starting with specific, testable assumptions is crucial for constructing a successful business model. Focus on key elements: Problem Hypothesis, Solution Hypothesis, Experiment Design, Expectations, Duration, and Measuring success. When formulating and refining a business model. | 1. Clarity in business model development and validation. 2. More accurate identification of critical success factors. | 1. Risk of building a business model on vague or untested assumptions. 2. Difficulty in gauging the model’s effectiveness and making improvements. |
| Case Study: Subscription-Based Magazine Business Model | The case study illustrates how to formulate and test hypotheses for a business model. Steps include formulating problem and solution hypotheses, designing experiments, setting expectations, and measuring outcomes. When exploring or implementing a subscription-based business model. | 1. Practical guidance for building and validating business models. 2. Application of tested methodologies in a real-world scenario. | 1. Lack of a structured approach to business model development and testing. 2. Difficulty in achieving desired outcomes without clear hypotheses. |
| Randomness and Errors | Entrepreneurship demands adaptability and a toolbox of methodologies for different scenarios. Embracing some randomness and confusion can lead to serendipitous opportunities that structured processes might miss. When facing complex or uncertain situations in entrepreneurship. | 1. Adaptability to unexpected situations and opportunities. 2. Potential discovery of unconventional solutions and growth avenues. | 1. Resistance to change and aversion to uncertainty may limit adaptability. 2. Missed chances for serendipitous breakthroughs and innovation. |
| Instinct and Guts | Entrepreneurs should balance methodologies and processes with instinct and intuition. When confronted with ambiguous or uncertain situations, relying on instinct and guts can guide decision-making. In situations requiring quick decision-making or navigating ambiguity. | 1. Swift and confident decision-making in challenging or unclear circumstances. 2. Utilization of intuition as a valuable tool for problem-solving. | 1. Overreliance on intuition may lead to impulsive or irrational decisions. 2. Potential risks in situations where data-driven insights are crucial. |
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