The term was first coined in 1971 by researchers Philip Kotler and Gerald Zaltman, who defined it as “the design, implementation, and monitoring of programs designed to influence the acceptability of social ideas and that embeds planning, pricing, communication, distribution, and marketing research considerations.” Social marketing uses commercial marketing fundamentals to improve the welfare of citizens and the economic, social, and physical environments in which they exist.
Aspect
Explanation
Definition
Social Marketing is a strategic approach that uses marketing principles and techniques to promote positive social behaviors and address social issues. Unlike commercial marketing, which aims to sell products or services, social marketing focuses on achieving social good and behavior change for the benefit of individuals and society as a whole.
Key Concepts
– Behavior Change: The primary goal is to influence behaviors that benefit individuals and society. – Target Audience: Identifying and targeting specific groups or communities for behavior change. – Marketing Mix: Applying traditional marketing elements (product, price, place, promotion) to social issues. – Social Good: Promoting positive social outcomes and well-being. – Research: Conducting audience research and analysis to inform strategies.
Strategies
– Awareness Campaigns: Creating awareness about social issues through advertising and communication. – Education Programs: Providing information and resources to encourage informed decisions. – Policy Advocacy: Promoting policy changes to support desired behaviors. – Community Engagement: Involving communities to address local issues collaboratively. – Behavioral Nudges: Using psychological techniques to influence choices.
Benefits
Social marketing can lead to positive changes in behavior, improved public health, reduced social problems, and enhanced well-being. It can also create a sense of community engagement and empowerment.
Challenges
Challenges include measuring behavior change, addressing resistance to change, securing funding for social marketing initiatives, and balancing long-term goals with short-term results.
Metrics
Metrics for social marketing may include changes in behavior, awareness levels, policy changes, community engagement, and the impact on social issues.
Conclusion
Social Marketing is a powerful tool for addressing complex social issues and promoting positive behavior change. It leverages marketing strategies and techniques to influence individuals and communities positively. By targeting specific behaviors and engaging with target audiences, social marketing can contribute to meaningful social change and improve the well-being of society.
Social marketing is a broad and diverse field that applies commercial marketing principles to the creation, communication, and delivery of value to benefit individuals and society as a whole.
Social marketing is typically described in the context of the 4 Ps of marketing:
Product
In social marketing, the product is a shift in attitude or a behavior change.
Price
In other words, what is the cost of implementing those changes?
Since it is hard to place a dollar value on the cost of a social initiative, social marketing endeavors to reframe a change in behavior or attitude as more beneficial than maintaining the status quo.
Place
Or the location where a target audience can be reached and the product distributed.
Social marketing makes this process as effortless as possible to maximize the uptake of a change.
Promotion
To be widely successful, social initiatives must be promoted across the community and reinforced via multiple channels.
The five components of social marketing
Social marketing campaigns comprise the following five components:
1 – Instituting behavioral change
In a traditional marketing situation, teams understand that awareness of a product or service in isolation does not guarantee the consumer will purchase.
Similarly, changes in knowledge or attitude do not guarantee that a behavioral change has been made in a social marketing effort.
To that end, social marketers want to see the target audience perform one of four actions:
Accept a new behavior. For example, start a recycling habit.
Reject a potential behavior. For example, the avoidance of smoking or speeding.
Modify a current behavior, such as working out for two hours instead of one.
Abandon an old behavior, such as using a smartphone while driving.
2 – Change is usually voluntary
Voluntary change is at the core of social marketing.
Campaigns focus on showing a level of understanding and empathy for the audience that helps them discover the personal benefits of changing a behavior on their own.
3 – Marketing principles and techniques
Social marketing campaigns must also appeal to the motivations of the individual to prevent injury, protect the environment, increase public health, or make positive contributions to communities.
To achieve this, research into what the individual currently knows, does, and believes is critical.
4 – Identify a target audience
As in a traditional marketing campaign, customer segments in social marketing must also be targeted based on specific characteristics.
Each individual has a unique combination of needs, wants, aspirations, and values that must be considered.
5 – Individuals, groups, and societies are beneficiaries
Social marketing seeks to institute change on the individual level by increasing quality of life.
Society as a whole then benefits from a healthier population that is also more productive.
Social marketing examples
Below is a brief look at a few real-world social marketing campaigns:
Animal cruelty
To educate consumers about harmful practices against geese, animal protection organization Gaia marketed a product called Faux Gras as a vegetarian and more humane alternative to foie gras.
Wildfire prevention
In the United States, Smokey The Bear is a mascot that educates individuals about fire safety and wildfire prevention.
Smokey’s friendly and approachable persona is used to mobilize American citizens toward a collective effort to save their environment.
Lung disease prevention
To reduce the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), British health authorities created segments of high-risk individuals according to their age, social and environmental factors, job status, motivation to change, and social group.
The result of the campaign was a quick reference risk model that helped health planners and key personnel understand that a one-size-fits-all approach to reducing COPD was ineffective.
Key takeaways
Social marketing uses commercial marketing fundamentals to improve the welfare of citizens and the economic, social, and physical environments in which they exist.
Social marketing is based on the 4 Ps of a marketing mix: product, price, promotion, and place. The approach also understands that changes in knowledge or attitude among the target audience do not guarantee that a behavioral change has taken place.
Social marketing is used in a range of social initiatives, including animal cruelty protection, wildfire prevention, and reducing the prevalence of lung disease.
Key Highlights:
Origin of Social Marketing: Coined in 1971 by Philip Kotler and Gerald Zaltman, social marketing applies marketing principles to promote positive social change by influencing attitudes and behaviors.
Definition of Social Marketing: Social marketing involves designing, implementing, and monitoring programs to influence the acceptability of social ideas, embedding considerations like planning, pricing, communication, distribution, and marketing research.
Application of Commercial Marketing: Social marketing uses commercial marketing fundamentals to enhance the well-being of individuals and society, focusing on economic, social, and physical environments.
The 4 Ps of Social Marketing:
Product: In social marketing, the product is a shift in attitude or behavior change.
Price: Reframes behavior change as more beneficial than the status quo.
Place: Maximizes accessibility and distribution of the desired change.
Promotion: Utilizes multiple channels for widespread promotion and reinforcement.
Components of Social Marketing:
Instituting Behavioral Change: Encourages target audiences to accept, reject, modify, or abandon behaviors.
Voluntary Change: Focuses on voluntary behavior change by demonstrating understanding and empathy.
Marketing Principles and Techniques: Appeals to individual motivations through research.
Identify a Target Audience: Segments the audience based on specific characteristics.
Beneficiaries: Seeks to improve individuals’ quality of life for the benefit of society as a whole.
Real-World Social Marketing Examples:
Animal Cruelty: Gaia’s “Faux Gras” campaign promoted a humane alternative to foie gras.
Wildfire Prevention: Smokey The Bear educates on fire safety and mobilizes efforts for environmental protection.
Lung Disease Prevention: British health authorities used a targeted approach to reduce COPD prevalence effectively.
Key Takeaways:
Social marketing leverages marketing principles for societal well-being.
The 4 Ps of marketing are applied to create, communicate, and deliver social value.
Effective social marketing goes beyond changing knowledge or attitudes; it drives behavioral change.
Social marketing is employed in various initiatives to address critical social issues and improve the overall quality of life for individuals and society.
Related Frameworks
Description
When to Apply
Social Listening
– The process of monitoring and analyzing online conversations, mentions, and discussions across social media platforms to understand customer opinions, sentiment, and trends related to a brand, product, or industry. Social Listening provides valuable insights for shaping marketing strategies, identifying opportunities, and addressing customer concerns effectively.
– When seeking to understand customer perceptions, sentiment, and trends related to a brand, product, or industry by monitoring social media conversations. – Utilizing Social Listening to inform marketing strategies, content creation, and customer engagement effectively.
Audience Segmentation
– The process of dividing a target audience into distinct groups based on shared characteristics, behaviors, needs, or preferences. Audience Segmentation enables marketers to tailor social marketing campaigns, messages, and content to specific audience segments, increasing relevance and engagement.
– When aiming to target and engage specific audience segments with personalized and relevant content on social media platforms. – Employing Audience Segmentation to optimize social marketing strategies, increase reach, and drive conversions effectively.
Influencer Marketing
– A marketing strategy that involves collaborating with individuals or content creators with large and engaged followings on social media platforms to promote products, services, or brands. Influencer Marketing leverages influencers’ credibility, reach, and influence to engage target audiences authentically and drive brand awareness and sales.
– When seeking to leverage the influence and reach of individuals or content creators on social media platforms to promote products, services, or brands. – Implementing Influencer Marketing to reach and engage target audiences authentically, increase brand visibility, and drive conversions effectively.
Content Marketing
– A strategic approach to creating and distributing valuable, relevant, and consistent content to attract and engage a target audience on social media platforms. Content Marketing aims to provide educational, entertaining, or inspirational content that aligns with audience interests and needs, driving brand awareness, engagement, and loyalty.
– When aiming to attract and engage target audiences on social media platforms by providing valuable and relevant content that resonates with their interests and needs. – Implementing Content Marketing strategies to increase brand visibility, build customer relationships, and drive conversions effectively.
Community Management
– The practice of engaging and interacting with an online community or audience on social media platforms to foster relationships, address customer inquiries, and facilitate discussions around a brand, product, or topic. Community Management builds brand trust, loyalty, and advocacy by creating a supportive and engaging environment for customers.
– When seeking to build and nurture an online community or audience on social media platforms by engaging in conversations, addressing inquiries, and fostering relationships. – Utilizing Community Management to enhance brand reputation, customer satisfaction, and loyalty effectively.
Social Media Advertising
– Paid promotional efforts on social media platforms to reach target audiences, increase brand visibility, and drive specific actions such as clicks, website visits, or conversions. Social Media Advertising offers targeting options, ad formats, and performance metrics to optimize campaign effectiveness and ROI.
– When aiming to reach target audiences with targeted and measurable advertising messages on social media platforms. – Leveraging Social Media Advertising to increase brand awareness, drive website traffic, and generate leads or sales effectively.
Social Media Analytics
– The process of collecting, measuring, and analyzing data from social media platforms to track and evaluate the performance of social marketing efforts. Social Media Analytics provide insights into audience behavior, content performance, and campaign effectiveness, informing strategic decisions and optimizations.
– When seeking to track and analyze the performance of social marketing efforts, including audience engagement, content reach, and campaign effectiveness. – Using Social Media Analytics to identify trends, measure ROI, and optimize social marketing strategies effectively.
User-generated Content (UGC)
– Content created and shared by users or customers on social media platforms, such as reviews, testimonials, photos, or videos related to a brand, product, or experience. User-generated Content (UGC) provides authentic and credible endorsements, enhancing brand credibility, engagement, and loyalty.
– When aiming to leverage user-generated content on social media platforms to showcase authentic experiences, testimonials, or endorsements from customers. – Incorporating User-generated Content (UGC) into social marketing strategies to increase brand credibility, engagement, and trust effectively.
Social Media Contests and Campaigns
– Promotional initiatives or activities on social media platforms that encourage user participation, interaction, and engagement through contests, challenges, giveaways, or branded campaigns. Social Media Contests and Campaigns drive audience engagement, virality, and brand awareness by incentivizing user-generated content and interactions.
– When seeking to increase audience engagement, brand visibility, or user-generated content on social media platforms through interactive and incentivized campaigns or contests. – Running Social Media Contests and Campaigns to promote brand awareness, drive user participation, and foster community engagement effectively.
Social CRM (Customer Relationship Management)
– A strategy and technology solution for managing and analyzing customer interactions and relationships on social media platforms. Social CRM enables businesses to track customer conversations, gather feedback, and provide personalized responses or support, enhancing customer engagement and satisfaction.
– When aiming to manage and strengthen customer relationships on social media platforms by tracking interactions, gathering feedback, and providing personalized support or responses. – Implementing Social CRM to improve customer engagement, satisfaction, and loyalty effectively.
Social marketing leverages aspects beyond knowledge or attitude among the target audience, including social aspects. Social marketing is used in various social initiatives, including animal cruelty protection, wildfire prevention, and reducing the prevalence of lung disease.
Account-based marketing (ABM) is a strategy where the marketing and sales departments come together to create personalized buying experiences for high-value accounts. Account-based marketing is a business-to-business (B2B) approach in which marketing and sales teams work together to target high-value accounts and turn them into customers.
Ad Ops – also known as Digital Ad Operations – refers to systems and processes that support digital advertisements’ delivery and management. The concept describes any process that helps a marketing team manage, run, or optimize ad campaigns, making them an integrating part of the business operations.
Venture capitalist, Dave McClure, coined the acronym AARRR which is a simplified model that enables to understand what metrics and channels to look at, at each stage for the users’ path toward becoming customers and referrers of a brand.
Affinity marketing involves a partnership between two or more businesses to sell more products. Note that this is a mutually beneficial arrangement where one brand can extend its reach and enhance its credibility in association with the other.
As the name suggests, ambush marketing raises awareness for brands at events in a covert and unexpected fashion. Ambush marketing takes many forms, one common element, the brand advertising their products or services has not paid for the right to do so. Thus, the business doing the ambushing attempts to capitalize on the efforts made by the business sponsoring the event.
Affiliate marketing describes the process whereby an affiliate earns a commission for selling the products of another person or company. Here, the affiliate is simply an individual who is motivated to promote a particular product through incentivization. The business whose product is being promoted will gain in terms of sales and marketing from affiliates.
The bullseye framework is a simple method that enables you to prioritize the marketing channels that will make your company gain traction. The main logic of the bullseye framework is to find the marketing channels that work and prioritize them.
Brand building is the set of activities that help companies to build an identity that can be recognized by its audience. Thus, it works as a mechanism of identification through core values that signal trust and that help build long-term relationships between the brand and its key stakeholders.
According to inbound marketing platform HubSpot, brand dilution occurs “when a company’s brand equity diminishes due to an unsuccessful brand extension, which is a new product the company develops in an industry that they don’t have any market share in.” Brand dilution, therefore, occurs when a brand decreases in value after the company releases a product that does not align with its vision, mission, or skillset.
The brand essence wheel is a templated approach businesses can use to better understand their brand. The brand essence wheel has obvious implications for external brand strategy. However, it is equally important in simplifying brand strategy for employees without a strong marketing background. Although many variations of the brand essence wheel exist, a comprehensive wheel incorporates information from five categories: attributes, benefits, values, personality, brand essence.
The brand equity is the premium that a customer is willing to pay for a product that has all the objective characteristics of existing alternatives, thus, making it different in terms of perception. The premium on seemingly equal products and quality is attributable to its brand equity.
Brand positioning is about creating a mental real estate in the mind of the target market. If successful, brand positioning allows a business to gain a competitive advantage. And it also works as a switching cost in favor of the brand. Consumers recognizing a brand might be less prone to switch to another brand.
Business storytelling is a critical part of developing a business model. Indeed, the way you frame the story of your organization will influence its brand in the long-term. That’s because your brand story is tied to your brand identity, and it enables people to identify with a company.
Content marketing is one of the most powerful commercial activities which focuses on leveraging content production (text, audio, video, or other formats) to attract a targeted audience. Content marketing focuses on building a strong brand, but also to convert part of that targeted audience into potential customers.
One of the first mentions of customer lifetime value was in the 1988 book Database Marketing: Strategy and Implementation written by Robert Shaw and Merlin Stone. Customer lifetime value (CLV) represents the value of a customer to a company over a period of time. It represents a critical business metric, especially for SaaS or recurring revenue-based businesses.
Customer segmentation is a marketing method that divides the customers in sub-groups, that share similar characteristics. Thus, product, marketing and engineering teams can center the strategy from go-to-market to product development and communication around each sub-group. Customer segments can be broken down is several ways, such as demographics, geography, psychographics and more.
Developer marketing encompasses tactics designed to grow awareness and adopt software tools, solutions, and SaaS platforms. Developer marketing has become the standard among software companies with a platform component, where developers can build applications on top of the core software or open software. Therefore, engaging developer communities has become a key element of marketing for many digital businesses.
A digital channel is a marketing channel, part of a distribution strategy, helping an organization to reach its potential customers via electronic means. There are several digital marketing channels, usually divided into organic and paid channels. Some organic channels are SEO, SMO, email marketing. And some paid channels comprise SEM, SMM, and display advertising.
Field marketing is a general term that encompasses face-to-face marketing activities carried out in the field. These activities may include street promotions, conferences, sales, and various forms of experiential marketing. Field marketing, therefore, refers to any marketing activity that is performed in the field.
interaction with a brand until they become a paid customer and beyond.
Funnel marketing is modeled after the marketing funnel, a concept that tells the company how it should market to consumers based on their position in the funnel itself. The notion of a customer embarking on a journey when interacting with a brand was first proposed by Elias St. Elmo Lewis in 1898.
Funnel marketing typically considers three stages of a non-linear marketing funnel. These are top of the funnel (TOFU), middle of the funnel (MOFU), and bottom of the funnel (BOFU). Particular marketing strategies at each stage are adapted to the level of familiarity the consumer has with a brand.
A go-to-market strategy represents how companies market their new products to reach target customers in a scalable and repeatable way. It starts with how new products/services get developed to how these organizations target potential customers (via sales and marketing models) to enable their value proposition to be delivered to create a competitive advantage.
The term “greenwashing” was first coined by environmentalist Jay Westerveld in 1986 at a time when most consumers received their news from television, radio, and print media. Some companies took advantage of limited public access to information by portraying themselves as environmental stewards – even when their actions proved otherwise. Greenwashing is a deceptive marketing practice where a company makes unsubstantiated claims about an environmentally-friendly product or service.
Grassroots marketing involves a brand creating highly targeted content for a particular niche or audience. When an organization engages in grassroots marketing, it focuses on a small group of people with the hope that its marketing message is shared with a progressively larger audience.
Growth marketing is a process of rapid experimentation, which in a way has to be “scientific” by keeping in mind that it is used by startups to grow, quickly. Thus, the “scientific” here is not meant in the academic sense. Growth marketing is expected to unlock growth, quickly and with an often limited budget.
Guerrilla marketing is an advertising strategy that seeks to utilize low-cost and sometimes unconventional tactics that are high impact. First coined by Jay Conrad Levinson in his 1984 book of the same title, guerrilla marketing works best on existing customers who are familiar with a brand or product and its particular characteristics.
Hunger marketing is a marketing strategy focused on manipulating consumer emotions. By bringing products to market with an attractive price point and restricted supply, consumers have a stronger desire to make a purchase.
Integrated marketing communication (IMC) is an approach used by businesses to coordinate and brand their communication strategies. Integrated marketing communication takes separate marketing functions and combines them into one, interconnected approach with a core brand message that is consistent across various channels. These encompass owned, earned, and paid media. Integrated marketing communication has been used to great effect by companies such as Snapchat, Snickers, and Domino’s.
Inbound marketing is a marketing strategy designed to attract customers to a brand with content and experiences that they derive value from. Inbound marketing utilizes blogs, events, SEO, and social media to create brand awareness and attract targeted consumers. By attracting or “drawing in” a targeted audience, inbound marketing differs from outbound marketing which actively pushes a brand onto consumers who may have no interest in what is being offered.
Integrated marketing describes the process of delivering consistent and relevant content to a target audience across all marketing channels. It is a cohesive, unified, and immersive marketing strategy that is cost-effective and relies on brand identity and storytelling to amplify the brand to a wider and wider audience.
The marketing mix is a term to describe the multi-faceted approach to a complete and effective marketing plan. Traditionally, this plan included the four Ps of marketing: price, product, promotion, and place. But the exact makeup of a marketing mix has undergone various changes in response to new technologies and ways of thinking. Additions to the four Ps include physical evidence, people, process, and even politics.
Marketing myopia is the nearsighted focus on selling goods and services at the expense of consumer needs. Marketing myopia was coined by Harvard Business School professor Theodore Levitt in 1960. Originally, Levitt described the concept in the context of organizations in high-growth industries that become complacent in their belief that such industries never fail.
Marketing personas give businesses a general overview of key segments of their target audience and how these segments interact with their brand. Marketing personas are based on the data of an ideal, fictional customer whose characteristics, needs, and motivations are representative of a broader market segment.
Meme marketing is any marketing strategy that uses memes to promote a brand. The term “meme” itself was popularized by author Richard Dawkins over 50 years later in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene. In the book, Dawkins described how ideas evolved and were shared across different cultures. The internet has enabled this exchange to occur at an exponential rate, with the first modern memes emerging in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
Microtargeting is a marketing strategy that utilizes consumer demographic data to identify the interests of a very specific group of individuals. Like most marketing strategies, the goal of microtargeting is to positively influence consumer behavior.
Multichannel marketing executes a marketing strategy across multiple platforms to reach as many consumers as possible. Here, a platform may refer to product packaging, word-of-mouth advertising, mobile apps, email, websites, or promotional events, and all the other channels that can help amplify the brand to reach as many consumers as possible.
Multi-level marketing (MLM), otherwise known as network or referral marketing, is a strategy in which businesses sell their products through person-to-person sales. When consumers join MLM programs, they act as distributors. Distributors make money by selling the product directly to other consumers. They earn a small percentage of sales from those that they recruit to do the same – often referred to as their “downline”.
The Net Promoter Score (NPS) is a measure of the ability of a product or service to attract word-of-mouth advertising. NPS is a crucial part of any marketing strategy since attracting and then retaining customers means they are more likely to recommend a business to others.
Neuromarketing information is collected by measuring brain activity related to specific brain functions using sophisticated and expensive technology such as MRI machines. Some businesses also choose to make inferences of neurological responses by analyzing biometric and heart-rate data.
Neuromarketing is the domain of large companies with similarly large budgets or subsidies. These include Frito-Lay, Google, and The Weather Channel.
Newsjacking as a marketing strategy was popularised by David Meerman Scott in his book Newsjacking: How to Inject Your Ideas into a Breaking News Story and Generate Tons of Media Coverage. Newsjacking describes the practice of aligning a brand with a current event to generate media attention and increase brand exposure.
A microniche is a subset of potential customers within a niche. In the era of dominating digital super-platforms, identifying a microniche can kick off the strategy of digital businesses to prevent competition against large platforms. As the microniche becomes a niche, then a market, scale becomes an option.
We can define pull and push marketing from the perspective of the target audience or customers. In push marketing, as the name suggests, you’re promoting a product so that consumers can see it. In a pull strategy, consumers might look for your product or service drawn by its brand.
Real-time marketing is as exactly as it sounds. It involves in-the-moment marketing to customers across any channel based on how that customer is interacting with the brand.
Relationship marketing involves businesses and their brands forming long-term relationships with customers. The focus of relationship marketing is to increase customer loyalty and engagement through high-quality products and services. It differs from short-term processes focused solely on customer acquisition and individual sales.
Reverse marketing describes any marketing strategy that encourages consumers to seek out a product or company on their own. This approach differs from a traditional marketing strategy where marketers seek out the consumer.
Remarketing involves the creation of personalized and targeted ads for consumers who have already visited a company’s website. The process works in this way: as users visit a brand’s website, they are tagged with cookies that follow the users, and as they land on advertising platforms where retargeting is an option (like social media platforms) they get served ads based on their navigation.
Sensory marketing describes any marketing campaign designed to appeal to the five human senses of touch, taste, smell, sight, and sound. Technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are enabling marketers to design fun, interactive, and immersive sensory marketing brand experiences. Long term, businesses must develop sensory marketing campaigns that are relevant and effective in eCommerce.
Services marketing originated as a separate field of study during the 1980s. Researchers realized that the unique characteristics of services required different marketing strategies to those used in the promotion of physical goods. Services marketing is a specialized branch of marketing that promotes the intangible benefits delivered by a company to create customer value.
Sustainable marketing describes how a business will invest in social and environmental initiatives as part of its marketing strategy. Also known as green marketing, it is often used to counteract public criticism around wastage, misleading advertising, and poor quality or unsafe products.
Word-of-mouth marketing is a marketing strategy skewed toward offering a great experience to existing customers and incentivizing them to share it with other potential customers. That is one of the most effective forms of marketing as it enables a company to gain traction based on existing customers’ referrals. When repeat customers become a key enabler for the brand this is one of the best organic and sustainable growth marketing strategies.
360 marketing is a marketing campaign that utilizes all available mediums, channels, and consumer touchpoints. 360 marketing requires the business to maintain a consistent presence across multiple online and offline channels. This ensures it does not miss potentially lucrative customer segments. By its very nature, 360 marketing describes any number of different marketing strategies. However, a broad and holistic marketing strategy should incorporate a website, SEO, PPC, email marketing, social media, public relations, in-store relations, and traditional forms of advertising such as television.
Gennaro is the creator of FourWeekMBA, which reached about four million business people, comprising C-level executives, investors, analysts, product managers, and aspiring digital entrepreneurs in 2022 alone | He is also Director of Sales for a high-tech scaleup in the AI Industry | In 2012, Gennaro earned an International MBA with emphasis on Corporate Finance and Business Strategy.
