Communication planning is the process of strategically developing, implementing, and managing communication efforts to achieve specific goals and objectives. It involves analyzing the needs of the target audience, defining key messages, selecting appropriate communication channels, and evaluating the effectiveness of communication initiatives. Communication planning aims to ensure that messages are delivered in a coherent and impactful manner.
Effective communication planning is essential for several reasons:
Clarity and Consistency: It helps ensure that messages are clear, consistent, and aligned with organizational goals, reducing the likelihood of misunderstandings or confusion.
Audience-Centered: Communication planning places a strong emphasis on understanding the needs, preferences, and expectations of the target audience, resulting in more relevant and relatable messages.
Efficiency: It allows organizations to allocate resources efficiently by focusing on communication efforts that are most likely to achieve desired outcomes.
Measurement and Improvement: Communication plans include mechanisms for evaluating the success of communication initiatives, enabling organizations to make data-driven improvements.
Key Components of Communication Planning
A well-structured communication plan typically includes the following key components:
Goals and Objectives: Clearly defined goals and objectives that outline what the communication plan aims to achieve. Objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).
Target Audience: A detailed analysis of the target audience, including demographics, psychographics, and communication preferences. Understanding the audience is crucial for tailoring messages effectively.
Key Messages: The core messages that need to be conveyed to the audience. Key messages should be concise, impactful, and aligned with the goals of the communication plan.
Communication Channels: Identification of the most suitable communication channels to reach the target audience. This may include digital channels (websites, social media), traditional media (print, TV, radio), in-person events, and more.
Content and Creatives: Development of communication content, including text, visuals, and multimedia elements. Creatives should be engaging and aligned with the key messages.
Timeline: A timeline that outlines when communication activities will take place. This helps ensure that communication efforts are coordinated and timely.
Responsibilities: Clearly defined roles and responsibilities for team members involved in the execution of the communication plan. This ensures accountability and effective collaboration.
Budget: Allocation of resources, including budget considerations for activities such as advertising, design, and technology tools.
Monitoring and Evaluation: Metrics and key performance indicators (KPIs) for assessing the success of communication initiatives. Regular monitoring and evaluation allow for adjustments and improvements.
Best Practices for Effective Communication Planning
To create a successful communication plan, consider the following best practices:
Audience Research: Invest time in understanding your target audience’s preferences, values, and pain points. This knowledge will guide message development and channel selection.
Message Clarity: Ensure that messages are concise, jargon-free, and easy to understand. Use plain language to enhance clarity.
Consistency: Maintain consistency in messaging and branding across all communication channels. This builds trust and reinforces your organization’s identity.
Two-Way Communication: Encourage feedback and engagement from your audience. Two-way communication fosters relationships and allows for course corrections.
Adaptability: Be prepared to adapt your communication plan based on changing circumstances, audience feedback, or emerging opportunities.
Measurable Objectives: Establish clear KPIs to measure the success of your communication efforts. Use data and analytics to evaluate performance.
Stakeholder Engagement: Involve key stakeholders in the planning process. Their insights and support can enhance the effectiveness of the plan.
Applications of Communication Planning
Communication planning is a versatile concept that applies to various domains and contexts. Here are some examples of how it is used:
1. Corporate Communications
In the business world, communication planning is vital for internal and external communications. It includes strategies for employee engagement, crisis communication, product launches, and public relations.
2. Marketing and Advertising
Marketers use communication planning to develop and execute advertising campaigns, promotional activities, and brand messaging. It ensures that marketing efforts resonate with the target audience.
3. Public Relations
Public relations professionals create communication plans to manage an organization’s image, handle crises, and engage with media and stakeholders effectively.
4. Healthcare
Communication planning plays a critical role in healthcare settings. It involves patient education, public health campaigns, and ensuring that healthcare providers effectively communicate with patients and their families.
5. Government and Public Policy
Government agencies use communication planning to inform citizens about policies, initiatives, and emergency procedures. It also involves engaging with the public and gathering feedback.
6. Nonprofit and Social Causes
Nonprofits rely on communication planning to raise awareness, fundraise, and advocate for social issues. Effective communication is key to rallying support.
Case Study: Crisis Communication
One of the most critical applications of communication planning is crisis communication. When an organization faces a crisis, whether it’s a product recall, a cybersecurity breach, or a public scandal, a well-executed communication plan can make the difference between reputational damage and a swift recovery.
Scenario:
A multinational food company discovers a food safety issue in one of its popular products that has already reached consumers. The issue poses a potential health risk, and the company needs to act swiftly and transparently.
Communication Plan:
Objective: Protect public health, maintain trust, and mitigate reputational damage.
Target Audience: Consumers, retailers, regulatory agencies, employees, and the media.
Key Messages: Acknowledge the issue, express concern for consumers’ well-being, explain the actions taken to address the problem, and commit to preventing future incidents.
Communication Channels: Press releases, social media updates, direct communication with retailers, and a dedicated hotline for consumer inquiries.
Timeline: Immediate response with regular updates as new information becomes available.
Responsibilities: A crisis communication team is assembled, including representatives from public relations, legal, and executive leadership.
Monitoring and Evaluation: Continuous monitoring of media coverage, social media sentiment, and consumer feedback. Adjust the communication plan as needed based on emerging information.
Results:
Due to the swift and transparent communication, the company was able to recall affected products, address the issue, and reassure consumers about product safety. While there was reputational damage, it was minimized, and the company’s commitment to transparency and safety was appreciated by consumers.
Conclusion
Communication planning is an essential tool for individuals, organizations, and governments to achieve their goals and objectives through effective messaging. By understanding the significance of communication planning, mastering its key components, and following best practices, you can enhance your ability to convey messages clearly, engage with your target audience, and achieve meaningful outcomes. Whether you’re navigating a corporate crisis, launching a marketing campaign, or advocating for social change, effective communication planning is a fundamental skill that can lead to success in a wide range of endeavors.
Key Highlights
Communication planning is a structured process used by individuals, organizations, and governments to ensure that messages are delivered in a coherent and impactful manner. It involves setting clear goals, understanding the target audience, selecting appropriate communication channels, and evaluating the effectiveness of communication initiatives.
Effective communication planning is essential for several reasons, including ensuring clarity and consistency in messages, being audience-centered, allocating resources efficiently, and enabling measurement and improvement.
A well-structured communication plan typically includes components such as:
Goals and Objectives: Clearly defined and SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound) objectives.
Target Audience: In-depth analysis of the target audience’s demographics, psychographics, and communication preferences.
Key Messages: Concise and impactful messages aligned with the plan’s goals.
Communication Channels: Identification of suitable channels for reaching the target audience, including digital, traditional, and in-person options.
Content and Creatives: Development of engaging content and multimedia elements.
Timeline: A schedule for communication activities.
Responsibilities: Clear roles and responsibilities for team members.
Budget: Allocation of resources, including budget considerations.
Monitoring and Evaluation: Metrics and KPIs for assessing success and making data-driven improvements.
Best practices for effective communication planning include conducting audience research, ensuring message clarity, maintaining consistency in messaging and branding, encouraging two-way communication, being adaptable, setting measurable objectives, and engaging key stakeholders.
Communication planning is widely applicable across various domains, including corporate communications, marketing and advertising, public relations, healthcare, government and public policy, and nonprofit and social causes.
A case study on crisis communication illustrates the practical application of communication planning. In this scenario, a multinational food company faced a food safety issue, and a well-executed communication plan helped protect public health, maintain trust, and mitigate reputational damage.
Conclusion: Communication planning is an essential tool for achieving goals through effective messaging. Whether dealing with corporate crises, launching marketing campaigns, or advocating for social change, mastering communication planning is a fundamental skill for success in various endeavors.
Related Framework
Description
When to Apply
Communication Planning
– Communication Planning involves strategizing the dissemination of information within an organization or to external stakeholders. It encompasses identifying audiences, crafting messages, selecting channels, and timing communications to achieve desired objectives effectively.
– Employ Communication Planning to ensure clear, consistent, and timely communication during organizational change, crisis management, project implementation, stakeholder engagement, and marketing campaigns.
RACE Model
– The RACE Model (Research, Action, Communication, Evaluation) provides a structured approach to communication planning. It emphasizes conducting research to understand audiences, devising action plans, implementing communication strategies, and evaluating outcomes to inform future efforts.
– Utilize the RACE Model to guide communication planning processes, ensuring a systematic approach to audience analysis, message development, channel selection, and performance measurement, leading to more effective communication outcomes and informed decision-making.
PEST Analysis
– PEST Analysis examines the Political, Economic, Social, and Technological factors impacting an organization’s communication environment. It helps identify external influences affecting communication planning, such as regulatory changes, economic trends, societal shifts, and technological advancements.
– Apply PEST Analysis to assess the external context for communication planning, anticipate potential challenges or opportunities, inform strategic decision-making, and adapt communication strategies to address evolving environmental factors effectively.
SWOT Analysis
– SWOT Analysis evaluates an organization’s Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats related to communication efforts. It aids in identifying internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats) that influence communication effectiveness and guide strategic planning.
– Employ SWOT Analysis to assess the internal and external factors impacting communication initiatives, identify areas for improvement or risk mitigation, leverage strengths and opportunities, address weaknesses and threats, and develop communication strategies that capitalize on organizational strengths and opportunities.
Stakeholder Analysis
– Stakeholder Analysis involves identifying and assessing the interests, influence, and communication needs of stakeholders relevant to a project or initiative. It helps prioritize stakeholder engagement efforts, tailor communication messages, and manage relationships to gain support and minimize resistance.
– Use Stakeholder Analysis to map stakeholders, understand their communication preferences and expectations, anticipate their reactions to communication efforts, tailor messages and channels to their needs, and build positive relationships that support organizational goals and foster stakeholder buy-in.
Communication Channels Matrix
– The Communication Channels Matrix lists various communication channels (e.g., email, meetings, social media, newsletters) along with their attributes (e.g., speed, richness, control). It aids in selecting appropriate channels based on message characteristics, audience preferences, and communication goals.
– Refer to the Communication Channels Matrix to choose the most suitable channels for different types of messages, audiences, and objectives, ensuring effective message delivery, engagement, and comprehension while optimizing resource allocation and maximizing communication impact.
Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model
– Kotter’s Model outlines a structured approach to organizational change, including communication planning as a critical component. It emphasizes creating a sense of urgency, mobilizing support, communicating the vision, and sustaining change through effective communication strategies.
– Apply Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model to guide communication efforts during organizational transformations, ensuring alignment between communication activities and change objectives, engaging stakeholders at each stage, and fostering a culture of transparency, trust, and commitment to change.
Diffusion of Innovation Theory
– Diffusion of Innovation Theory explains how new ideas, products, or technologies spread through society over time. It categorizes individuals into innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards, influencing communication strategies to target different adopter segments effectively.
– Use Diffusion of Innovation Theory to design communication campaigns tailored to different audience segments based on their adoption behavior, preferences, and needs, accelerating the adoption of new initiatives, products, or behaviors within the organization or target market.
Situational Crisis Communication Theory
– SCCT guides communication planning during crises by considering the interplay between crisis severity and attributions of responsibility. It recommends different communication strategies based on the level of crisis responsibility (victim, accidental, preventable, intentional) to protect organizational reputation and stakeholder trust.
– Employ SCCT to develop crisis communication plans that address the unique characteristics of each crisis situation, manage stakeholder perceptions, mitigate reputational damage, and restore confidence and trust in the organization’s ability to handle crises effectively.
Grunig’s Excellence Theory
– Grunig’s Excellence Theory posits that organizations achieve excellence through effective communication practices, including strategic management of relationships with stakeholders. It emphasizes the role of communication in building trust, credibility, and mutual understanding to enhance organizational performance.
– Embrace Grunig’s Excellence Theory to cultivate a communication culture focused on building long-term relationships, fostering open dialogue, soliciting feedback, and demonstrating accountability and transparency, leading to improved stakeholder satisfaction, organizational reputation, and overall success.
Account-based marketing (ABM) is a strategy where the marketing and sales departments come together to create personalized buying experiences for high-value accounts. Account-based marketing is a business-to-business (B2B) approach in which marketing and sales teams work together to target high-value accounts and turn them into customers.
Ad Ops – also known as Digital Ad Operations – refers to systems and processes that support digital advertisements’ delivery and management. The concept describes any process that helps a marketing team manage, run, or optimize ad campaigns, making them an integrating part of the business operations.
Venture capitalist, Dave McClure, coined the acronym AARRR which is a simplified model that enables to understand what metrics and channels to look at, at each stage for the users’ path toward becoming customers and referrers of a brand.
Affinity marketing involves a partnership between two or more businesses to sell more products. Note that this is a mutually beneficial arrangement where one brand can extend its reach and enhance its credibility in association with the other.
As the name suggests, ambush marketing raises awareness for brands at events in a covert and unexpected fashion. Ambush marketing takes many forms, one common element, the brand advertising their products or services has not paid for the right to do so. Thus, the business doing the ambushing attempts to capitalize on the efforts made by the business sponsoring the event.
Affiliate marketing describes the process whereby an affiliate earns a commission for selling the products of another person or company. Here, the affiliate is simply an individual who is motivated to promote a particular product through incentivization. The business whose product is being promoted will gain in terms of sales and marketing from affiliates.
The bullseye framework is a simple method that enables you to prioritize the marketing channels that will make your company gain traction. The main logic of the bullseye framework is to find the marketing channels that work and prioritize them.
Brand building is the set of activities that help companies to build an identity that can be recognized by its audience. Thus, it works as a mechanism of identification through core values that signal trust and that help build long-term relationships between the brand and its key stakeholders.
According to inbound marketing platform HubSpot, brand dilution occurs “when a company’s brand equity diminishes due to an unsuccessful brand extension, which is a new product the company develops in an industry that they don’t have any market share in.” Brand dilution, therefore, occurs when a brand decreases in value after the company releases a product that does not align with its vision, mission, or skillset.
The brand essence wheel is a templated approach businesses can use to better understand their brand. The brand essence wheel has obvious implications for external brand strategy. However, it is equally important in simplifying brand strategy for employees without a strong marketing background. Although many variations of the brand essence wheel exist, a comprehensive wheel incorporates information from five categories: attributes, benefits, values, personality, brand essence.
The brand equity is the premium that a customer is willing to pay for a product that has all the objective characteristics of existing alternatives, thus, making it different in terms of perception. The premium on seemingly equal products and quality is attributable to its brand equity.
Brand positioning is about creating a mental real estate in the mind of the target market. If successful, brand positioning allows a business to gain a competitive advantage. And it also works as a switching cost in favor of the brand. Consumers recognizing a brand might be less prone to switch to another brand.
Business storytelling is a critical part of developing a business model. Indeed, the way you frame the story of your organization will influence its brand in the long-term. That’s because your brand story is tied to your brand identity, and it enables people to identify with a company.
Content marketing is one of the most powerful commercial activities which focuses on leveraging content production (text, audio, video, or other formats) to attract a targeted audience. Content marketing focuses on building a strong brand, but also to convert part of that targeted audience into potential customers.
One of the first mentions of customer lifetime value was in the 1988 book Database Marketing: Strategy and Implementation written by Robert Shaw and Merlin Stone. Customer lifetime value (CLV) represents the value of a customer to a company over a period of time. It represents a critical business metric, especially for SaaS or recurring revenue-based businesses.
Customer segmentation is a marketing method that divides the customers in sub-groups, that share similar characteristics. Thus, product, marketing and engineering teams can center the strategy from go-to-market to product development and communication around each sub-group. Customer segments can be broken down is several ways, such as demographics, geography, psychographics and more.
Developer marketing encompasses tactics designed to grow awareness and adopt software tools, solutions, and SaaS platforms. Developer marketing has become the standard among software companies with a platform component, where developers can build applications on top of the core software or open software. Therefore, engaging developer communities has become a key element of marketing for many digital businesses.
A digital channel is a marketing channel, part of a distribution strategy, helping an organization to reach its potential customers via electronic means. There are several digital marketing channels, usually divided into organic and paid channels. Some organic channels are SEO, SMO, email marketing. And some paid channels comprise SEM, SMM, and display advertising.
Field marketing is a general term that encompasses face-to-face marketing activities carried out in the field. These activities may include street promotions, conferences, sales, and various forms of experiential marketing. Field marketing, therefore, refers to any marketing activity that is performed in the field.
interaction with a brand until they become a paid customer and beyond.
Funnel marketing is modeled after the marketing funnel, a concept that tells the company how it should market to consumers based on their position in the funnel itself. The notion of a customer embarking on a journey when interacting with a brand was first proposed by Elias St. Elmo Lewis in 1898.
Funnel marketing typically considers three stages of a non-linear marketing funnel. These are top of the funnel (TOFU), middle of the funnel (MOFU), and bottom of the funnel (BOFU). Particular marketing strategies at each stage are adapted to the level of familiarity the consumer has with a brand.
A go-to-market strategy represents how companies market their new products to reach target customers in a scalable and repeatable way. It starts with how new products/services get developed to how these organizations target potential customers (via sales and marketing models) to enable their value proposition to be delivered to create a competitive advantage.
The term “greenwashing” was first coined by environmentalist Jay Westerveld in 1986 at a time when most consumers received their news from television, radio, and print media. Some companies took advantage of limited public access to information by portraying themselves as environmental stewards – even when their actions proved otherwise. Greenwashing is a deceptive marketing practice where a company makes unsubstantiated claims about an environmentally-friendly product or service.
Grassroots marketing involves a brand creating highly targeted content for a particular niche or audience. When an organization engages in grassroots marketing, it focuses on a small group of people with the hope that its marketing message is shared with a progressively larger audience.
Growth marketing is a process of rapid experimentation, which in a way has to be “scientific” by keeping in mind that it is used by startups to grow, quickly. Thus, the “scientific” here is not meant in the academic sense. Growth marketing is expected to unlock growth, quickly and with an often limited budget.
Guerrilla marketing is an advertising strategy that seeks to utilize low-cost and sometimes unconventional tactics that are high impact. First coined by Jay Conrad Levinson in his 1984 book of the same title, guerrilla marketing works best on existing customers who are familiar with a brand or product and its particular characteristics.
Hunger marketing is a marketing strategy focused on manipulating consumer emotions. By bringing products to market with an attractive price point and restricted supply, consumers have a stronger desire to make a purchase.
Integrated marketing communication (IMC) is an approach used by businesses to coordinate and brand their communication strategies. Integrated marketing communication takes separate marketing functions and combines them into one, interconnected approach with a core brand message that is consistent across various channels. These encompass owned, earned, and paid media. Integrated marketing communication has been used to great effect by companies such as Snapchat, Snickers, and Domino’s.
Inbound marketing is a marketing strategy designed to attract customers to a brand with content and experiences that they derive value from. Inbound marketing utilizes blogs, events, SEO, and social media to create brand awareness and attract targeted consumers. By attracting or “drawing in” a targeted audience, inbound marketing differs from outbound marketing which actively pushes a brand onto consumers who may have no interest in what is being offered.
Integrated marketing describes the process of delivering consistent and relevant content to a target audience across all marketing channels. It is a cohesive, unified, and immersive marketing strategy that is cost-effective and relies on brand identity and storytelling to amplify the brand to a wider and wider audience.
The marketing mix is a term to describe the multi-faceted approach to a complete and effective marketing plan. Traditionally, this plan included the four Ps of marketing: price, product, promotion, and place. But the exact makeup of a marketing mix has undergone various changes in response to new technologies and ways of thinking. Additions to the four Ps include physical evidence, people, process, and even politics.
Marketing myopia is the nearsighted focus on selling goods and services at the expense of consumer needs. Marketing myopia was coined by Harvard Business School professor Theodore Levitt in 1960. Originally, Levitt described the concept in the context of organizations in high-growth industries that become complacent in their belief that such industries never fail.
Marketing personas give businesses a general overview of key segments of their target audience and how these segments interact with their brand. Marketing personas are based on the data of an ideal, fictional customer whose characteristics, needs, and motivations are representative of a broader market segment.
Meme marketing is any marketing strategy that uses memes to promote a brand. The term “meme” itself was popularized by author Richard Dawkins over 50 years later in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene. In the book, Dawkins described how ideas evolved and were shared across different cultures. The internet has enabled this exchange to occur at an exponential rate, with the first modern memes emerging in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
Microtargeting is a marketing strategy that utilizes consumer demographic data to identify the interests of a very specific group of individuals. Like most marketing strategies, the goal of microtargeting is to positively influence consumer behavior.
Multichannel marketing executes a marketing strategy across multiple platforms to reach as many consumers as possible. Here, a platform may refer to product packaging, word-of-mouth advertising, mobile apps, email, websites, or promotional events, and all the other channels that can help amplify the brand to reach as many consumers as possible.
Multi-level marketing (MLM), otherwise known as network or referral marketing, is a strategy in which businesses sell their products through person-to-person sales. When consumers join MLM programs, they act as distributors. Distributors make money by selling the product directly to other consumers. They earn a small percentage of sales from those that they recruit to do the same – often referred to as their “downline”.
The Net Promoter Score (NPS) is a measure of the ability of a product or service to attract word-of-mouth advertising. NPS is a crucial part of any marketing strategy since attracting and then retaining customers means they are more likely to recommend a business to others.
Neuromarketing information is collected by measuring brain activity related to specific brain functions using sophisticated and expensive technology such as MRI machines. Some businesses also choose to make inferences of neurological responses by analyzing biometric and heart-rate data.
Neuromarketing is the domain of large companies with similarly large budgets or subsidies. These include Frito-Lay, Google, and The Weather Channel.
Newsjacking as a marketing strategy was popularised by David Meerman Scott in his book Newsjacking: How to Inject Your Ideas into a Breaking News Story and Generate Tons of Media Coverage. Newsjacking describes the practice of aligning a brand with a current event to generate media attention and increase brand exposure.
A microniche is a subset of potential customers within a niche. In the era of dominating digital super-platforms, identifying a microniche can kick off the strategy of digital businesses to prevent competition against large platforms. As the microniche becomes a niche, then a market, scale becomes an option.
We can define pull and push marketing from the perspective of the target audience or customers. In push marketing, as the name suggests, you’re promoting a product so that consumers can see it. In a pull strategy, consumers might look for your product or service drawn by its brand.
Real-time marketing is as exactly as it sounds. It involves in-the-moment marketing to customers across any channel based on how that customer is interacting with the brand.
Relationship marketing involves businesses and their brands forming long-term relationships with customers. The focus of relationship marketing is to increase customer loyalty and engagement through high-quality products and services. It differs from short-term processes focused solely on customer acquisition and individual sales.
Reverse marketing describes any marketing strategy that encourages consumers to seek out a product or company on their own. This approach differs from a traditional marketing strategy where marketers seek out the consumer.
Remarketing involves the creation of personalized and targeted ads for consumers who have already visited a company’s website. The process works in this way: as users visit a brand’s website, they are tagged with cookies that follow the users, and as they land on advertising platforms where retargeting is an option (like social media platforms) they get served ads based on their navigation.
Sensory marketing describes any marketing campaign designed to appeal to the five human senses of touch, taste, smell, sight, and sound. Technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are enabling marketers to design fun, interactive, and immersive sensory marketing brand experiences. Long term, businesses must develop sensory marketing campaigns that are relevant and effective in eCommerce.
Services marketing originated as a separate field of study during the 1980s. Researchers realized that the unique characteristics of services required different marketing strategies to those used in the promotion of physical goods. Services marketing is a specialized branch of marketing that promotes the intangible benefits delivered by a company to create customer value.
Sustainable marketing describes how a business will invest in social and environmental initiatives as part of its marketing strategy. Also known as green marketing, it is often used to counteract public criticism around wastage, misleading advertising, and poor quality or unsafe products.
Word-of-mouth marketing is a marketing strategy skewed toward offering a great experience to existing customers and incentivizing them to share it with other potential customers. That is one of the most effective forms of marketing as it enables a company to gain traction based on existing customers’ referrals. When repeat customers become a key enabler for the brand this is one of the best organic and sustainable growth marketing strategies.
360 marketing is a marketing campaign that utilizes all available mediums, channels, and consumer touchpoints. 360 marketing requires the business to maintain a consistent presence across multiple online and offline channels. This ensures it does not miss potentially lucrative customer segments. By its very nature, 360 marketing describes any number of different marketing strategies. However, a broad and holistic marketing strategy should incorporate a website, SEO, PPC, email marketing, social media, public relations, in-store relations, and traditional forms of advertising such as television.
Gennaro is the creator of FourWeekMBA, which reached about four million business people, comprising C-level executives, investors, analysts, product managers, and aspiring digital entrepreneurs in 2022 alone | He is also Director of Sales for a high-tech scaleup in the AI Industry | In 2012, Gennaro earned an International MBA with emphasis on Corporate Finance and Business Strategy.
