What Are Communication Models? Communication Models In A Nutshell

Communication models explain the social process of communication. Each model explains the development of communication while emphasizing different parts of the communication process.

Aspect	Explanation
Communication Models	Communication models are conceptual frameworks or diagrams that represent the process of communication. They help us understand how messages are created, transmitted, received, and interpreted in interpersonal, group, and mass communication settings.
Types	– Linear Model: This model depicts communication as a one-way process, where a sender encodes a message and transmits it through a channel to a receiver who decodes the message. – Interactive Model: This model adds feedback from the receiver to the sender, allowing for two-way communication. – Transactional Model: In this model, communication is a dynamic, ongoing process where both sender and receiver contribute to the meaning of the message.
Elements	Common elements in communication models include: – Sender: The person or entity creating the message. – Message: The information, ideas, or thoughts being communicated. – Channel: The medium or pathway through which the message is transmitted (e.g., spoken words, written text, visual images). – Receiver: The person or entity receiving and interpreting the message. – Feedback: Responses or reactions from the receiver to the sender’s message.
Encoding and Decoding	– Encoding: The process of converting thoughts or ideas into a message that can be transmitted. – Decoding: The process of interpreting and making sense of a received message. These processes are influenced by language, culture, and context.
Noise	Noise refers to any interference or disruption that can distort the message during transmission. Types of noise include physical noise (external disturbances), semantic noise (language or meaning barriers), and psychological noise (emotional or mental distractions).
Feedback	Feedback is essential for effective communication. It allows the sender to gauge how well the message was understood and received. In the interactive and transactional models, feedback is integrated into the communication process.
Context	The context of communication includes the physical, social, cultural, and psychological factors that influence how messages are created and interpreted. Context plays a significant role in shaping the meaning of communication.
Models in Practice	– Linear Model: Often used in mass media and advertising. – Interactive Model: Common in interpersonal communication and small group discussions. – Transactional Model: Reflects most real-life communication situations, including face-to-face and digital interactions.
Importance	Communication models help individuals and organizations better understand the complexities of communication processes. They provide insights into effective message design, interpretation, and feedback, enhancing the overall quality of communication.

Understanding communication models

Communication models are useful because they provide a visual representation of the complex interactions that occur during communication.

That is, they distill the basic structure of communication into a more digestible form. They also identify the various elements involved and how different parts of the process interact or are interrelated. 

The first major model for communication, the Shannon-Weaver model, was developed by Claude Shannon with an introduction by Warren Weaver in 1948.

Both were engineers working for Bell Telephone Labs who were tasked with ensuring that telephone cables and radio waves were operating at maximum efficiency.

In the following decades, the Shannon-Weaver model was adapted and expanded by other communication theorists and scholars.

Today, there are generally accepted to be eight major communication models spread across three distinct categories. We will take a look at these categories and models in the following sections.

The three communication model categories

Linear

Which describes communication as a one-way process involving a sender, message, and receiver. Linear models were developed at a time when one-way communication was the only way to transmit messages.

For example, an individual with a radio could hear a message transmitted by the radio announcer without being able to transmit a message in return.

As a result, little credence was given to the role the receiver played in communication.

Interactive

These models describe communication as a process where two or more individuals take turns as both the sender and receiver.

Interactive models also consider how feedback is given on transmitted messages in both a physical and psychological context.

This makes communication a two-way, interactive process where each individual works to maintain the conversation.

Transactional

Transactional models consider the communication process in terms of social, relational, and cultural contexts. Instead of senders and receivers, individuals are called communicators.

These individuals don’t just communicate to send messages. Rather, communication helps them create relationships, alliances, and social communities through dialogue.

Transactional models also influence notions of self.

Examples of communication models

Below is a look at a few of the eight major communication models:

Lasswell’s model

A basic, linear framework for analyzing one-way communication by asking five questions: Who? Said what? Through which channel? To whom? With what effects?

Berlo’s SMCR model

The SMCR model

The sender-message-channel-receiver model separated the Shannon-Weaver model into clear parts and has since been expanded upon itself. Theorist David Berlo introduced factors that influenced the two-way communication process, including awareness level, social system, attitude, and cultural system.

Osgood-Schramm model

An interactive model which looks at reciprocal communication and how each participant has to encode, decode, and interpret a message for maximum effectiveness.

The model also encourages practitioners to consider the impact their messages have on the receiver, both desired and undesired.

Barnlund’s model

A dynamic, two-way transactional communication model which suggests the sending and receiving of messages occurs simultaneously.

Messages are passed back and forth almost imperceptibly, with constant feedback provided by both parties serving as the message that is transmitted.

Dance’s helical model

Former University of Denver professor Frank Dance suggested communication could be explained by the shape of the helix. That is, communication between two people is shaped by time and experience and is an evolutionary process.

This process can be seen when two meet each other for the first time. Initially, communication is simple, polite, and restrained. Over time, each participant becomes more comfortable with the other and the quality of communication improves.

Dance’s model also explains the way children begin their lives by speaking simple words and phrases, gradually developing a more complex vocabulary over time.

Key takeaways:

• Communication models explain the social process of communication. Each model explains the development of communication while emphasizing different parts of the communication process.
• There are generally accepted to be eight major communication models spread across three categories: linear, interactive, and transactional. Each model is an interpretation or expansion of the Shannon-Weaver model developed in 1948.
• Some of the major models to benefit from the work of Shannon and Weaver include Berlo’s SMCR model, Barnlund’s model, Dance’s helical model, and the Osgood-Schramm model.

Key Highlights

• Communication Models Overview: Communication models offer a visual representation of the complex interactions that occur during communication. They simplify the communication process and illustrate how different elements interact.
• Historical Background: The first major communication model, the Shannon-Weaver model, was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver in 1948. It aimed to ensure efficient telephone and radio communication.
• Categories of Communication Models: Communication models are divided into three categories: Linear, Interactive, and Transactional. Each category offers a different perspective on the communication process.
• Linear Models:
  • Linear models depict communication as a one-way process from sender to receiver.
  • The Shannon-Weaver model is a linear model where the sender encodes and transmits a message, while the receiver decodes it. Feedback is not considered.
• Interactive Models:
  • Interactive models involve a two-way process where participants take turns as sender and receiver.
  • Feedback is a crucial component of interactive models, allowing participants to adjust their communication based on responses.
• Transactional Models:
  • Transactional models view communication as a dynamic, interactive process influenced by social, relational, and cultural contexts.
  • Individuals are called communicators, and communication serves to create relationships and alliances.
• Examples of Communication Models:
  • Lasswell’s Model: Linear model analyzing one-way communication by asking Who? Said what? Through which channel? To whom? With what effects?
  • Berlo’s SMCR Model: One-way communication framework based on the Shannon-Weaver model, considering factors like awareness, social system, attitude, and cultural system.
  • Osgood-Schramm Model: Interactive model emphasizing reciprocal communication, encoding, decoding, and interpreting messages for maximum effectiveness.
  • Barnlund’s Model: Transactional model suggesting simultaneous sending and receiving of messages, with constant feedback serving as transmitted messages.
  • Dance’s Helical Model: Transactional model describing communication as an evolutionary process shaped by time and experience. Communication quality improves over time.
• Key Takeaways:
  • Communication models help explain the process of communication and emphasize different aspects of it.
  • Major communication models fall into linear, interactive, and transactional categories.
  • Various models expand upon or reinterpret the Shannon-Weaver model, providing insights into communication dynamics.

Communication Models Strategies

Business Scenario	Type	Application	Implication	Outcome
Sales Presentation	Transactional Model:	In a sales presentation, the sender (sales representative) encodes the message about a product or service and transmits it to the receiver (potential client). The receiver decodes the message and provides feedback (questions or objections), leading to a transaction (sale or negotiation).	Clear communication and persuasion.	Increased sales and client conversions.
Crisis Communication	Rhetorical Model:	During a crisis, a company’s leadership (sender) employs strategic rhetoric and persuasive techniques in messages to stakeholders (receivers) through various channels (press conferences, statements) to shape perceptions, manage the crisis, and achieve specific goals.	Reputation management and damage control.	Restored trust and stakeholder confidence.
Employee Training Workshop	Interactional Model:	In an employee training workshop, trainers (senders) engage in interactive communication with participants (receivers). Two-way communication allows for feedback and clarification, creating an interactive learning environment.	Enhanced learning and skill development.	Improved job performance and professional growth.
Multinational Corporate Meeting	Cultural Model:	During a multinational corporate meeting, participants from different cultures (senders and receivers) navigate cultural differences in communication styles, norms, and expectations. Effective cross-cultural communication is essential for understanding and collaboration.	Cross-cultural understanding and respect.	Successful international collaborations and partnerships.
Marketing Email Campaign	Linear Model:	In a marketing email campaign, the marketing team (sender) crafts a message and sends it to a list of recipients (receivers). The recipients receive and interpret the message, and some may take action (e.g., clicking a link or making a purchase).	Message delivery and recipient engagement.	Increased brand visibility and potential leads.
Customer Service Phone Interaction	Transactional Model:	In a customer service phone interaction, the customer (sender) initiates contact with a customer service agent (receiver). The customer expresses a service inquiry (message), and the agent provides information or solutions, leading to a transaction (resolution).	Effective issue resolution and satisfaction.	Positive customer service experience and loyalty.
Team Collaboration Meeting	Interactive Model:	In a team collaboration meeting, team members (senders and receivers) engage in dynamic, two-way communication. They share ideas, discuss issues, and jointly make decisions, leveraging the interactive nature of the model.	Effective teamwork and idea exchange.	Innovative solutions and successful project outcomes.
Press Release Distribution	Linear Model:	In a press release distribution, an organization (sender) composes a press release and disseminates it to various media outlets (receivers). The media outlets receive the message and decide whether to publish or report on it.	Information dissemination and media coverage.	Enhanced brand visibility and reputation management.
Executive Leadership Speech	Rhetorical Model:	In an executive leadership speech, a company’s leader (sender) employs rhetorical strategies to address employees, shareholders, or the public (receivers). The speech aims to inspire, persuade, or inform, often incorporating persuasive techniques and storytelling.	Leadership communication and influence.	Motivated employees and stakeholder confidence.
Cross-Functional Project Communication	Interactional Model:	In cross-functional project communication, team members (senders and receivers) from various departments engage in interactive communication. They collaborate, share updates, and address challenges, fostering an interactive project environment.	Effective cross-functional collaboration.	Successful project completion and stakeholder satisfaction.
Customer Feedback Collection and Analysis	Transactional Model:	In customer feedback collection, customers (senders) provide feedback on products or services through surveys or online platforms (message). Companies receive and analyze the feedback (reception), leading to potential improvements and changes (transaction).	Feedback collection and analysis.	Enhanced product/service enhancements and customer satisfaction.
Vendor Negotiation	Transactional Model:	In vendor negotiation, both parties (sender and receiver) engage in bidirectional communication, encoding and decoding messages related to terms, pricing, and agreements. The negotiation aims to reach a mutually beneficial transaction (contract).	Negotiation effectiveness and outcomes.	Successful business agreements and partnerships.
Marketing Campaign through Social Media	Linear Model:	In a marketing campaign on social media, the marketing team (sender) creates and publishes campaign content. Social media users (receivers) see and engage with the content through likes, shares, and comments.	Message dissemination and engagement.	Increased brand engagement and potential leads.
Employee Performance Appraisal	Interactive Model:	In an employee performance appraisal, a supervisor (sender) conducts a face-to-face conversation with an employee (receiver). They engage in dialogue, share feedback, and set goals, utilizing the interactive nature of the model.	Employee development and motivation.	Improved job performance and career growth.
Supply Chain Communication and Coordination	Transactional Model:	In supply chain communication, companies (senders and receivers) engage in transactions involving orders, shipments, and logistics. Clear communication is crucial for coordination, leading to successful supply chain operations.	Efficient supply chain management.	Reliable supplier relationships and cost savings.
Investor Relations Presentation	Linear Model:	In an investor relations presentation, a company (sender) presents financial results and strategic information. Investors (receivers) attend the presentation to receive and interpret the information.	Investor confidence and informed decisions.	Trust in the company and potential stock value increase.
Product Packaging Design	Linear Model:	In product packaging design, a design team (sender) creates visual and informational elements for packaging. Consumers (receivers) encounter the packaging in stores or online, where they interpret the design.	Product recognition and visual appeal.	Attraction of consumers and brand loyalty.

Related Concepts	Description	When to Apply
Communication Models	Communication Models are theoretical frameworks that describe the process of information exchange between a sender and receiver. They illustrate the elements involved in communication, such as encoding, decoding, feedback, and noise, helping to understand how messages are transmitted and interpreted.	– When analyzing and improving communication within organizations to enhance clarity, effectiveness, and engagement. – When designing marketing campaigns or media messages to ensure they resonate with target audiences and achieve desired outcomes. – When training individuals or teams on effective communication skills and techniques to facilitate collaboration and relationship-building. – When resolving conflicts or misunderstandings by identifying breakdowns in the communication process and addressing underlying issues.
Transactional Model	The Transactional Model of communication views communication as a dynamic, two-way process where both the sender and receiver simultaneously exchange messages. It emphasizes the mutual influence and feedback loop between communicators, recognizing that communication is continuous and reciprocal.	– When fostering interactive communication and engagement in interpersonal relationships, team dynamics, or customer interactions. – When designing communication strategies that encourage active participation and dialogue among stakeholders or audience members. – When seeking to understand and address barriers to effective communication, such as misinterpretation or cultural differences, by promoting openness and responsiveness. – When implementing feedback mechanisms or evaluation processes to assess the effectiveness of communication initiatives and make adjustments as needed.
Linear Model	The Linear Model of communication conceptualizes communication as a one-way process where a sender transmits a message to a receiver through a channel. It highlights the role of encoding, transmission, and decoding in the transfer of information, often overlooking feedback or interaction between communicators.	– When delivering formal announcements, presentations, or public speeches where the focus is on conveying information or delivering a message to an audience. – When developing written materials such as reports, articles, or marketing materials that aim to inform or persuade readers without immediate interaction. – When communicating simple instructions, directions, or factual information where feedback or clarification is not immediately necessary. – When analyzing historical or archival documents to understand past communication practices or messaging strategies.
Interactive Model	The Interactive Model of communication expands upon the Linear Model by incorporating feedback and interaction between communicators. It acknowledges that communication is influenced by context, culture, and individual interpretations, emphasizing the importance of shared meaning and mutual understanding in effective communication.	– When engaging in face-to-face conversations, group discussions, or collaborative meetings where active participation and dialogue are encouraged. – When conducting training sessions, workshops, or educational programs that involve interactive exercises, role-playing, or group activities to facilitate learning and comprehension. – When designing multimedia presentations, online forums, or social media campaigns that allow for real-time interaction and engagement with audiences. – When resolving conflicts or negotiating agreements by promoting open communication, active listening, and empathetic understanding of differing perspectives.
Transactional Process	The Transactional Process model views communication as an ongoing, reciprocal exchange of messages between sender and receiver. It emphasizes the role of context, feedback, and shared meaning in shaping communication outcomes, recognizing that meanings are co-created through interaction.	– When building strong interpersonal relationships or fostering teamwork within organizations by promoting open communication, trust, and collaboration. – When conducting customer feedback surveys, focus groups, or market research to gather insights and improve products or services based on customer input. – When implementing communication strategies in diverse cultural or global contexts, considering the impact of cultural norms, values, and communication styles on message interpretation and effectiveness. – When training leaders or managers on effective communication techniques for motivating, inspiring, and engaging employees in achieving organizational goals.
Shannon-Weaver Model	The Shannon-Weaver Model of communication, also known as the Information Theory Model, focuses on the technical aspects of communication, such as encoding, transmission, and reception of messages. It emphasizes the role of noise or interference in the communication process and the importance of clarity and redundancy in minimizing errors.	– When designing communication systems, networks, or technologies to ensure reliable transmission and reception of messages in various environments or conditions. – When troubleshooting communication breakdowns or disruptions caused by technical issues, signal interference, or environmental factors. – When developing protocols or standards for data encryption, compression, or error correction to enhance the security and reliability of communication channels. – When studying communication patterns or information flow within organizations or social networks to identify bottlenecks, inefficiencies, or opportunities for improvement.
Cultural Model	The Cultural Model of communication recognizes the influence of culture, values, and social norms on communication practices and interpretations. It highlights the role of context, power dynamics, and identity in shaping communication patterns and meanings within diverse cultural contexts.	– When engaging with individuals or groups from different cultural backgrounds, being mindful of cultural sensitivities, communication styles, and nonverbal cues to build rapport and avoid misunderstandings. – When designing multicultural or cross-cultural communication training programs to promote cultural competence and awareness among employees or team members. – When developing marketing strategies or campaigns for global audiences, considering cultural preferences, taboos, and values to ensure messages resonate and are well-received. – When negotiating or conducting business transactions across cultures, adapting communication strategies and behaviors to align with cultural norms and expectations.
Organizational Model	The Organizational Model of communication focuses on communication processes within formal organizations, such as businesses, government agencies, or non-profit institutions. It examines how information flows vertically and horizontally across different levels and departments, impacting decision-making, coordination, and organizational culture.	– When implementing organizational changes, initiatives, or strategic plans, communicating clear goals, expectations, and updates to employees or stakeholders to ensure alignment and commitment. – When fostering a culture of transparency, trust, and accountability within organizations by promoting open communication, feedback mechanisms, and opportunities for employee input or participation. – When managing crisis situations or navigating change management processes, providing timely and accurate communication to address concerns, mitigate risks, and maintain stakeholder confidence. – When evaluating the effectiveness of internal communication channels, systems, or protocols to identify areas for improvement and optimize information flow and dissemination.
Symbolic Interactionism	Symbolic Interactionism is a sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of symbols, meanings, and social interactions in shaping individual identities and social reality. It suggests that communication is a process of symbolic exchange where individuals interpret and assign meanings to symbols, gestures, and language based on shared understandings and cultural context.	– When studying interpersonal relationships, group dynamics, or social movements to understand how communication shapes identity, roles, and social structures. – When conducting qualitative research or ethnographic studies to explore the symbolic meanings and cultural practices associated with language, rituals, or artifacts within specific communities or subcultures. – When designing educational programs, interventions, or advocacy campaigns that aim to challenge stereotypes, promote social inclusion, or empower marginalized groups through positive communication and representation. – When analyzing media content, popular culture, or digital communications to examine how symbols and narratives shape public attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors in society.

Read Next: Lasswell Communication Model, Linear Model Of Communication.

What are the three main model of communications?

The three main models of communication are:

• Linear
• Interactive
• Transactional

What are some examples of model of communicaiton?

Some popular models of communication comprise:

• Lasswell’s model
• Berlo’s SMCR model
• The SMCR model
• Osgood-Schramm model
• Barnlund’s model
• Dance’s helical model

Connected Communication Models

Aristotle’s Model of Communication

Communication Cycle

Berlo’s SMCR Model

Helical Model of Communication

Lasswell Communication Model

Modus Tollens

Five Cannons of Rhetoric

Communication Strategy

Noise if Communication

7 Cs of Communication

Transactional Model of Communication

Horizontal Communication

Communication Apprehension

Closed-Loop Communication

Grapevine In Communication

ASE Model

Integrated Marketing Communication

Social Penetration Theory

Hypodermic Needle

7-38-55 Rule

Active Listening

Main Free Guides:

• Business Models
• Business Strategy
• Business Development
• Digital Business Models
• Distribution Channels
• Marketing Strategy
• Platform Business Models
• Tech Business Model