Communication Apprehension

Communication apprehension is a measure of the degree of anxiety someone feels in response to real (or anticipated) communication with another person or people.

Aspect	Explanation
Communication Apprehension	Communication Apprehension refers to the fear or anxiety that individuals experience when they need to engage in communication activities, such as public speaking, group discussions, or any form of interpersonal communication. It often leads to discomfort, nervousness, and avoidance of communication situations.
Types	– Trait-Based: Some individuals have a general predisposition to experience communication apprehension across various situations. – Context-Based: It can also be situation-specific, where individuals feel anxious in certain communication contexts but not others.
Causes	– Fear of Evaluation: Apprehension often arises from a fear of being judged, criticized, or negatively evaluated by others. – Lack of Confidence: Individuals may doubt their communication abilities or fear making mistakes. – Past Negative Experiences: Previous failures or embarrassing situations can contribute to communication apprehension. – Social Factors: Peer pressure or cultural norms can influence apprehension.
Symptoms	– Physical: Symptoms may include sweating, trembling, a racing heart, or an upset stomach. – Behavioral: Avoidance of communication situations, speaking hesitantly, or using filler words (e.g., “um” and “uh”). – Psychological: Feelings of anxiety, self-doubt, or low self-esteem in communication contexts. – Cognitive: Racing thoughts, difficulty concentrating, or mind going blank.
Impact	– Personal: It can hinder personal and professional growth by limiting opportunities for advancement. – Professional: Communication apprehension can affect job performance, especially in roles that require public speaking or interpersonal skills. – Interpersonal: It may strain relationships due to avoidance of communication. – Academic: Students may struggle with class presentations or participation.
Management	– Skill Development: Individuals can work on improving their communication skills through practice and training. – Relaxation Techniques: Learning relaxation methods can help manage anxiety. – Professional Help: In severe cases, seeking therapy or counseling can address underlying issues. – Supportive Environment: Creating a supportive and nonjudgmental environment can reduce apprehension.
Overcoming	– Preparation: Thoroughly prepare for communication situations. – Visualization: Mentally rehearse and visualize success. – Positive Self-Talk: Replace negative thoughts with positive affirmations. – Desensitization: Gradual exposure to feared situations can reduce anxiety. – Seek Feedback: Constructive feedback can boost confidence.
Importance	Overcoming communication apprehension is crucial for personal and professional growth. Effective communication is a vital skill in various aspects of life, and managing apprehension can unlock opportunities for success.
Examples	– An employee avoiding a presentation at work due to fear of public speaking. – A student feeling anxious about participating in a class discussion. – A job applicant struggling with interviews due to communication apprehension. – An individual avoiding social gatherings because of social anxiety.

Table of Contents

Understanding communication apprehension

According to James C. McCroskey, a former Professor Emeritus in the Department of Communication Studies at West Virginia University, communication apprehension is the “fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons.”

Communication apprehension affects all of us at various points in our lives. We may be nervous about an imminent job interview and, once in front of the panel, experience tremors, sweaty palms, and a dry mouth.

Others can relate to a pounding chest or head whilst public speaking that only subsides once we have resumed our seats.

Indeed, according to an article published by The Washington Post in 2014, some 25.3% of Americans fear public speaking more than they do heights, snakes, needles, or enclosed spaces.

The different types of communication apprehension

Note that there are several different types of communication apprehension. While this could be construed as a negative, the good news is that employees who understand the various types will know themselves better and may be able to reduce their anxiety before an event.

The four main types are listed below.

1 – Trait

Trait apprehension refers to anxiety rooted in one’s personality and is based on trait theory.

This theory posits that some people are more likely to experience anxiety than others, but whether this is due to nature, nurture, or a combination of both is still debated.

2 – Context

Those with context communication apprehension feel anxiety in specific contexts or situations.

For example, an employee who received poor feedback from a superior may feel a sense of dread whenever their next performance review is due.

Context apprehension can be further divided into three subdivisions:

Formality

Where the individual is anxious in formal situations such as during public speeches or press conferences.

Uncertainty

Where the individual feels anxious when they do not know what to expect.

This may occur when new members are added to the project management team.

Novelty

Where the individual feels anxious in any new situation such as a topic, workplace, company, industry, or environment.

This is a common source of anxiety for those who start in a new role.

3 – Audience

As the name suggests, audience anxiety occurs when the individual is more worried about the audience than the topic or act of communication.

Think of an employee in a training program who is comfortable showing initiative in front of others but avoids doing so in front of the course coordinator.

Ultimately, people prefer to communicate in front of those with whom they feel are similar.

They may find the audience more relatable because they feel they have a comparable level of knowledge or expertise.

4 – Situation

Situation apprehension is similar to context apprehension but with a few key differences.

Essentially, when some factor (or a combination of factors) works against the speaker, they feel more anxious than if the factors were not present.

Some examples include tiredness, delays, malfunctioning equipment, connectivity issues, a disinterested audience, time constraints, and distractions such as noise.

Three ways to reduce communication apprehension

Here are three ways to reduce or avoid communication apprehension altogether:

Systematic desensitization

The individual can reduce anxiety by repeatedly exposing themselves to the offending situation in a controlled manner.

This reduces both the novelty and uncertainty aspects we explained earlier.

Cognitive modification

This means introspectively listing your fears, what causes them, and why they surface in a certain way.

Employees can lean on colleagues for their exercise, while others with more ingrained issues may find therapy useful.

Skills training

When you are more prepared to speak publicly, you tend to be more confident in your ability and less anxious.

Preparation and knowledge of the subject matter are important, but so are public speaking skills such as rhythm, tone, intonation, and the proper use of body language and gestures.

Key takeaways

Communication apprehension is a measure of the degree of anxiety someone may feel in response to real (or anticipated) communication with another person or people.
The four main types of communication apprehension are trait, context, audience, and situation. Within the context type there are three subdivisions: formality, uncertainty, and novelty.
To reduce or avoid communication apprehension, the individual can repeatedly expose themselves to the anxiety-provoking event to become desensitized. They can also involve themselves in cognitive modification and public speaking skills training.

Key Highlights

Definition and Impact:
- Communication apprehension is the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with others.
- It affects individuals in various situations, such as job interviews or public speaking, leading to physical symptoms like trembling, sweating, and dry mouth.
- A significant portion of the population, around 25.3% of Americans, fear public speaking more than common phobias.
Types of Communication Apprehension:
- Trait Apprehension: Rooted in an individual’s personality, some people are naturally more prone to anxiety.
- Context Apprehension: Anxiety occurs in specific situations, like performance reviews after poor feedback.
  - Subdivisions: Formality (formal situations), Uncertainty (unknown situations), Novelty (new situations).
- Audience Apprehension: Anxiety is tied to the audience rather than the communication itself.
  - People prefer communicating with those they perceive as similar in knowledge or expertise.
- Situation Apprehension: Similar to context apprehension, influenced by factors like fatigue, technical issues, disinterested audience, etc.
Ways to Reduce Communication Apprehension:
- Systematic Desensitization: Gradual exposure to anxiety-provoking situations to decrease anxiety over time.
- Cognitive Modification: Introspection about fears and their triggers, seeking support from colleagues or therapy.
- Skills Training: Developing public speaking skills, preparation, subject knowledge, tone, body language, and gestures.
Key Takeaways:
- Communication apprehension measures anxiety in response to real or anticipated communication.
- Types include trait, context (with subdivisions), audience, and situation apprehension.
- Strategies to reduce or prevent apprehension include desensitization, cognitive reflection, and skills development.

Communication Apprehension Strategies

Scenario	Type	Application	Implication	Outcome
Public Speaking Presentation	Public Speaking Apprehension:	An employee is assigned to deliver a presentation to a large audience during a company meeting. They experience public speaking apprehension, leading to anxiety, nervousness, and a fear of speaking in front of others.	Reduced confidence and presentation effectiveness.	Impaired message delivery and potential audience disengagement.
Job Interviews	Job Interview Apprehension:	Job candidates preparing for interviews may experience job interview apprehension, leading to nervousness, self-doubt, and anxiety about answering questions effectively and impressing the interviewer.	Impaired interview performance and self-presentation.	Potential missed job opportunities and lower confidence.
Negotiation Meetings	Negotiation Apprehension:	Negotiators representing their organizations in high-stakes negotiations may experience negotiation apprehension, leading to anxiety, fear of making concessions, and concerns about reaching favorable outcomes.	Impaired negotiation skills and decision-making.	Potential unfavorable negotiation results and lost opportunities.
Team Presentations	Team Presentation Apprehension:	Team members tasked with delivering a collaborative presentation may experience team presentation apprehension, leading to concerns about coordination, message alignment, and the overall presentation’s success.	Reduced team cohesion and presentation effectiveness.	Impaired message delivery and potential audience disengagement.
Leading Meetings	Meeting Leadership Apprehension:	Employees assigned to lead meetings may experience meeting leadership apprehension, leading to anxiety, doubts about facilitating discussions, and concerns about maintaining participant engagement.	Ineffective meeting facilitation and engagement.	Reduced meeting productivity and participation.
Sales Calls	Sales Call Apprehension:	Sales representatives making sales calls may experience sales call apprehension, leading to nervousness, fear of rejection, and concerns about effectively persuading potential clients and closing deals.	Impaired sales pitch delivery and persuasive skills.	Potential lost sales opportunities and lower sales performance.
Conflict Resolution	Conflict Resolution Apprehension:	Employees tasked with resolving conflicts in the workplace may experience conflict resolution apprehension, leading to anxiety, fear of confrontation, and concerns about achieving resolutions.	Ineffective conflict resolution and communication.	Potential unresolved conflicts and decreased workplace harmony.
Performance Reviews	Performance Review Apprehension:	Employees undergoing performance reviews may experience performance review apprehension, leading to anxiety, self-evaluation stress, and concerns about feedback and career development discussions.	Impaired self-expression and constructive feedback.	Reduced employee engagement and career growth.
Networking Events	Networking Apprehension:	Attending networking events or conferences, employees may experience networking apprehension, leading to social anxiety, fear of approaching strangers, and concerns about initiating conversations and building professional connections.	Missed networking opportunities and relationship-building.	Potential limited professional growth and missed collaborations.
Team Building Exercises	Team Building Apprehension:	In team-building exercises or activities, employees may experience team-building apprehension, leading to concerns about participation, fitting into groups, and engaging in team activities.	Reduced team cohesion and participation.	Impaired team bonding and potential missed benefits of team-building.
Change Management Communications	Change Communication Apprehension:	Employees involved in change management communications may experience change communication apprehension, leading to concerns about delivering messages about organizational changes, adapting to change, and managing resistance effectively.	Ineffective change communication and engagement.	Resistance to change and potential difficulties in change implementation.
Project Status Updates	Project Update Apprehension:	Employees responsible for providing project status updates may experience project update apprehension, leading to concerns about delivering updates accurately, addressing challenges, and maintaining project transparency.	Impaired project communication and stakeholder trust.	Potential project setbacks and stakeholder dissatisfaction.
Diversity and Inclusion Discussions	Diversity Discussion Apprehension:	Employees participating in diversity and inclusion discussions may experience diversity discussion apprehension, leading to concerns about engaging in sensitive conversations, using appropriate language, and fostering inclusion.	Reduced participation in diversity initiatives.	Impaired diversity and inclusion efforts and potential misunderstandings.

Related Concepts	Description	When to Apply
Communication Apprehension	Communication apprehension refers to the fear or anxiety experienced by individuals during communication activities, hindering effective interaction. It can manifest in various situations such as public speaking, interpersonal communication, or professional settings, impacting individuals’ ability to express themselves confidently and authentically.	– Public speaking engagements, – Interpersonal interactions, – Workplace communication, – Educational environments, – Leadership roles, – Cross-cultural contexts
Public Speaking	Public speaking involves delivering presentations or speeches to an audience, which can evoke anxiety or fear in individuals. Overcoming public speaking apprehension requires training, practice, and exposure to supportive environments where individuals can build confidence and refine their speaking skills.	– Training programs, – Public speaking courses, – Gradual exposure, – Supportive speaking environments
Interpersonal Communication	Interpersonal communication encompasses interactions between individuals, where communication apprehension may hinder effective dialogue and relationship-building. To overcome this apprehension, individuals can engage in team-building exercises, communication workshops, or create supportive environments that encourage open and honest communication.	– Team-building activities, – Relationship-building exercises, – Supportive group settings
Professional Communication	Professional communication involves conveying ideas, feedback, or information in the workplace context, where apprehension may arise due to fear of judgment or uncertainty. To address this, organizations can offer communication training, career development programs, or assertiveness workshops to help individuals communicate confidently and competently.	– Workplace communication, – Career development initiatives, – Assertiveness training, – Performance feedback sessions
Educational Settings	In educational environments, communication apprehension can affect students’ participation and engagement in classroom activities. Educators can create inclusive classrooms, provide opportunities for low-stakes communication practice, and offer constructive feedback to help students overcome their fears and communicate effectively.	– Inclusive classroom environments, – Participation encouragement, – Low-stakes communication exercises, – Feedback and support mechanisms
Leadership and Management	Communication apprehension among leaders can hinder their ability to provide direction, give feedback, or deliver presentations effectively. Leadership development programs, coaching sessions, and transparent communication practices can help leaders build confidence and communicate with clarity and authenticity.	– Leadership development initiatives, – Communication skill workshops, – Transparent communication practices, – Coaching and mentorship programs
Cross-Cultural Communication	Cross-cultural communication involves interacting with individuals from different cultural backgrounds, where apprehension may arise due to language or cultural differences. Organizations can promote diversity and inclusion, offer cross-cultural communication training, and encourage cultural awareness to facilitate effective communication across diverse perspectives.	– Diversity and inclusion initiatives, – Cross-cultural communication workshops, – Cultural awareness programs, – Intercultural communication training
Team Collaboration	Communication apprehension can impact team collaboration by hindering individuals’ ability to contribute ideas or engage in group discussions. Creating supportive team environments, encouraging participation, and facilitating collaboration activities can help alleviate apprehension and promote effective teamwork.	– Supportive team environments, – Participation encouragement, – Collaboration activities, – Team-building exercises
Career Development	Communication apprehension can affect career advancement and professional growth opportunities. Organizations can support employee development by offering skill-building programs, communication training, and regular performance feedback to help individuals overcome apprehension and thrive in their careers.	– Skill development initiatives, – Communication training programs, – Performance feedback sessions, – Career progression pathways
Conflict Resolution	Conflict resolution requires effective communication skills, but apprehension may hinder individuals’ ability to address conflicts or negotiate with others. Organizations can provide conflict resolution training, mediation sessions, and negotiation workshops to help individuals develop the communication skills needed to manage conflicts constructively.	– Conflict resolution workshops, – Mediation sessions, – Negotiation skills training, – Conflict management strategies