brand-essence

What Is A Brand Essence And Why It Matters In Business

Brand essence is defined as the core characteristic of a brand that elicits an emotional response in consumers. Brand essence is unique to every business, and the most successful businesses use it to create a reliable feeling in their target audience that builds loyalty over time.

AspectExplanation
Brand EssenceBrand Essence, also known as brand core or brand DNA, is the fundamental and enduring spirit or character of a brand. It encapsulates the brand’s unique identity, values, purpose, and promise in a concise and emotionally resonant manner.
Core Identity– Brand essence defines the core identity of a brand and serves as a guiding light for all brand-related decisions. It answers the question: “What does our brand stand for, and what do we want to evoke in the minds and hearts of consumers?”
Emotional Bond– It is often expressed in a brief statement or tagline that captures the emotional bond a brand seeks to establish with its target audience. The brand essence aims to connect with consumers on a deep, emotional level.
Differentiation– Brand essence helps differentiate a brand from its competitors. It sets the brand apart by emphasizing what makes it unique, memorable, and relevant to its audience. It’s a powerful tool for creating a distinctive brand personality.
Consistency– Maintaining consistency in brand essence across all touchpoints is essential. Consistency reinforces the brand’s identity and builds trust with consumers. It ensures that the brand delivers on its promise consistently over time.
Strategic Tool– Brand essence serves as a strategic tool for brand management. It guides marketing campaigns, product development, customer experiences, and brand messaging to align with the core values and purpose defined by the essence.
Consumer Appeal– A well-crafted brand essence resonates with consumers and elicits positive emotions. Brands that successfully convey their essence can build strong relationships with their target audience, resulting in brand loyalty and advocacy.
Brand Evolution– While brand essence is enduring, it can evolve over time to adapt to changing market dynamics or to reflect the brand’s growth and maturation. However, any changes should align with the brand’s core values and principles.
Communicating Essence– Effective communication of the brand essence requires clear and compelling storytelling. Brands use advertising, content marketing, and visual elements to convey the essence and connect with consumers authentically.
Measuring Success– The success of a brand’s essence can be measured through brand perception surveys, customer feedback, and key performance indicators such as brand awareness, loyalty, and market share. Positive outcomes indicate a well-defined and resonant essence.
Conclusion– Brand essence is the heart and soul of a brand. It encapsulates what the brand stands for, the emotions it evokes, and the promises it makes to consumers. When effectively defined and communicated, it can drive brand success and long-term loyalty.

Understanding brand essence

Fundamentally, brand essence is the emotional reason behind a consumer choosing one company over another. Since it deals with human emotions, brand essence is intangible. In other words, it is felt

It’s important to note that brand essence is not a company slogan, tagline, or mission statement. By its very definition, brand essence is driven by consumers – it is not something a business can deliberately communicate. 

In the most successful brands, brand essence is described in just a few short words. Here, there is power in brevity.

Consider the following global brands and the characteristic emotions that consumers experience just by thinking about them:

  • Volvo – safety.
  • Disney – magic.
  • Harley Davidson – freedom.
  • BMW – driving pleasure.
  • Apple – simple elegance.

Creating a brand essence

Brand essence is about striking a balance between authenticity and ambition. To gauge the perception of their brand, businesses should seek the input of internal and external stakeholders. Consumers should of course be consulted first and foremost, but employees, clients, and industry peers should also be consulted.

Once the relevant stakeholders have been assembled, they should brainstorm the answers to a list of questions. These include:

  • If the business in question was a car, what make and model would it embody, and why?
  • How does the business perceive itself and does this perception align with those of customers or clients?
  • What does a business contribute to the world and how does this make consumers feel?

With the answers to these questions, stakeholders can further refine brand essence by ensuring that descriptive words are

  • Authentic – does a business deliver on its promises? Brand essence must be in alignment with what the customer experiences.
  • Relevant – is the brand essence statement relevant to the customer? Does it resonate with them to the degree that emotion is felt?
  • Consistent – consistency is key because it informs others of what to expect from a brand. McDonald’s became a powerful global force because its restaurants are consistently branded regardless of the country they operate in.
  • Sustainable – brand essence is a long term strategy. As such, it must be sustainable in the sense that it must maintain relevancy as a business grows. For example, a car manufacturer whose brand essence is “handmade engineering” may run into trouble as they shift toward production line manufacturing to meet growth targets.

Benefits of brand essence to businesses

Increased focus and clarity

Businesses who develop a brand essence are more focused on their core goals and attributes. This enables them to make better decisions and communicate with consumers in a way that reinforces brand recognition and awareness.

Market differentiation

Tying emotions to a particular brand are important in creating meaningful and sustainable differentiation, particularly in oversaturated markets. Apple has not drastically changed the design of their products in many years, but it maintains a competitive advantage through clear and consistent communication of its brand message.

Challenges of Defining Brand Essence

  1. Simplicity vs. Complexity: Striking the right balance between simplicity and complexity can be challenging.
  2. Changing Market Dynamics: Adapting the brand essence to evolving market dynamics may be necessary.
  3. Consistent Communication: Ensuring consistent communication of the brand essence across all channels can be demanding.
  4. Subjectivity: Perceptions of brand essence may vary among different stakeholders.

When to Define Brand Essence

  1. Brand Creation: It is essential when launching a new brand or product.
  2. Rebranding: During rebranding efforts, defining a new brand essence is often a fundamental step.
  3. Brand Repositioning: When changing the brand’s positioning in the market, revisiting the brand essence is important.
  4. Market Entry: When entering new markets or targeting new customer segments, brand essence should be well-defined.

Expected Long-Term Impact of Defining Brand Essence

  1. Consistency: Over time, a well-defined brand essence leads to consistent communication and recognition.
  2. Customer Loyalty: Customers are more likely to be loyal to a brand with a clear and resonant essence.
  3. Market Leadership: Strong brands with well-defined essences often become market leaders.
  4. Brand Equity Growth: Defining brand essence contributes to the growth of brand equity and perceived value.

Related Branding Strategies

  1. Brand Identity: Brand essence informs the development of brand identity elements such as logos, colors, and design.
  2. Brand Messaging: It shapes the messaging strategy, ensuring that communications align with the brand’s essence.
  3. Content Strategy: A well-defined brand essence guides content creation, reinforcing brand values and emotions.
  4. Customer Experience: Delivering a consistent brand essence throughout the customer journey enhances the overall experience.

Case Studies

  • EcoFresh Groceries
    • Essence: Nourish naturally.
    • Explanation: A grocery chain that focuses on organic and sustainably sourced products, ensuring that their customers feel they’re making environmentally responsible choices while nourishing their bodies.
  • TechGuard Antivirus Software
    • Essence: Digital peace of mind.
    • Explanation: A cybersecurity firm offering antivirus software, emphasizing the tranquility and confidence users feel knowing their devices are protected.
  • GlobaTrek Travel Agency
    • Essence: Discover your world.
    • Explanation: A travel agency promoting adventure and self-discovery, highlighting the idea that there’s a vast world out there waiting for each individual to explore.
  • BellaVida Cosmetics
    • Essence: Unveil your beauty.
    • Explanation: A cosmetic brand that emphasizes natural beauty, suggesting that their products simply enhance the beauty that’s already present.
  • SolarSustain Energy Solutions
    • Essence: Powering tomorrow.
    • Explanation: A company specializing in solar energy solutions, emphasizing a future-forward approach to sustainable energy.
  • AquaPristine Bottled Water
    • Essence: Purity in every sip.
    • Explanation: A bottled water brand that prides itself on its filtration process, ensuring that consumers feel they’re drinking the cleanest water possible.
  • TranquilNest Home Furnishings
    • Essence: Comfort in every corner.
    • Explanation: A home furnishings brand focusing on cozy, comfortable, and high-quality products, making every space in a home feel inviting.
  • FutureFit Athletic Wear
    • Essence: Elevate every move.
    • Explanation: An athletic wear brand that combines technology and fashion, ensuring wearers feel they’re at the peak of performance and style.
  • KidVoyage Toy Store
    • Essence: Ignite imagination.
    • Explanation: A toy store that specializes in educational and creative toys, emphasizing the spark of creativity and learning in children.
  • AutoElite Car Dealership
    • Essence: Drive with distinction.
    • Explanation: A luxury car dealership emphasizing the prestige, class, and uniqueness of their vehicle lineup, making buyers feel they’re not just purchasing a car, but a status symbol.

Key takeaways:

  • Brand essence is the reliable feeling that consumers come to expect when interacting with a brand.
  • Brand essence relies on the power of brevity and should be ascertained by consulting internal and external stakeholders.
  • Brand essence must be authentic. That is, it must deliver on its promises and resonate with customers through consistent and sustainable communication.

Key highlights on Brand Essence:

  • Definition:
    • Brand essence is the core characteristic of a brand that triggers an emotional response in consumers. It is the intangible feeling that sets a brand apart and builds consumer loyalty.
  • Not a Slogan:
    • It is distinct from a company’s slogan, tagline, or mission statement. Brand essence is felt by consumers and isn’t something a company can overtly communicate.
  • Power in Brevity:
    • The most impactful brand essences are concise. Examples include:
      • Volvo – safety.
      • Disney – magic.
      • Harley Davidson – freedom.
      • BMW – driving pleasure.
      • Apple – simple elegance.
  • Creation Process:
    • To establish brand essence, companies should strike a balance between authenticity and ambition. This involves gathering input from both internal stakeholders (like employees) and external stakeholders (like consumers).
    • Questions to guide the brainstorming process include analogies to cars, self-perception alignment, and understanding the brand’s unique contribution to the world.
  • Criteria for Refinement:
    • Brand essence should be:
      • Authentic: It should match the actual consumer experience.
      • Relevant: It must resonate emotionally with consumers.
      • Consistent: Predictability builds trust.
      • Sustainable: As a long-term strategy, it should remain relevant even as the company evolves.
  • Benefits:
    • Focus & Clarity: Brand essence provides a clear direction for companies, reinforcing brand recognition and awareness.
    • Market Differentiation: In crowded markets, a strong emotional tie to a brand offers a competitive advantage, making the brand stand out.
  • Conclusion:
    • Brand essence is a vital tool for businesses seeking to establish a deep emotional connection with their consumers. It goes beyond mere advertising slogans to encapsulate the very soul of the brand, building trust and loyalty.

Visual Marketing Glossary

Account-Based Marketing

account-based-marketing
Account-based marketing (ABM) is a strategy where the marketing and sales departments come together to create personalized buying experiences for high-value accounts. Account-based marketing is a business-to-business (B2B) approach in which marketing and sales teams work together to target high-value accounts and turn them into customers.

Ad-Ops

ad-ops
Ad Ops – also known as Digital Ad Operations – refers to systems and processes that support digital advertisements’ delivery and management. The concept describes any process that helps a marketing team manage, run, or optimize ad campaigns, making them an integrating part of the business operations.

AARRR Funnel

pirate-metrics
Venture capitalist, Dave McClure, coined the acronym AARRR which is a simplified model that enables to understand what metrics and channels to look at, at each stage for the users’ path toward becoming customers and referrers of a brand.

Affinity Marketing

affinity-marketing
Affinity marketing involves a partnership between two or more businesses to sell more products. Note that this is a mutually beneficial arrangement where one brand can extend its reach and enhance its credibility in association with the other.

Ambush Marketing

ambush-marketing
As the name suggests, ambush marketing raises awareness for brands at events in a covert and unexpected fashion. Ambush marketing takes many forms, one common element, the brand advertising their products or services has not paid for the right to do so. Thus, the business doing the ambushing attempts to capitalize on the efforts made by the business sponsoring the event.

Affiliate Marketing

affiliate-marketing
Affiliate marketing describes the process whereby an affiliate earns a commission for selling the products of another person or company. Here, the affiliate is simply an individual who is motivated to promote a particular product through incentivization. The business whose product is being promoted will gain in terms of sales and marketing from affiliates.

Bullseye Framework

bullseye-framework
The bullseye framework is a simple method that enables you to prioritize the marketing channels that will make your company gain traction. The main logic of the bullseye framework is to find the marketing channels that work and prioritize them.

Brand Building

brand-building
Brand building is the set of activities that help companies to build an identity that can be recognized by its audience. Thus, it works as a mechanism of identification through core values that signal trust and that help build long-term relationships between the brand and its key stakeholders.

Brand Dilution

brand-dilution
According to inbound marketing platform HubSpot, brand dilution occurs “when a company’s brand equity diminishes due to an unsuccessful brand extension, which is a new product the company develops in an industry that they don’t have any market share in.” Brand dilution, therefore, occurs when a brand decreases in value after the company releases a product that does not align with its vision, mission, or skillset. 

Brand Essence Wheel

brand-essence-wheel
The brand essence wheel is a templated approach businesses can use to better understand their brand. The brand essence wheel has obvious implications for external brand strategy. However, it is equally important in simplifying brand strategy for employees without a strong marketing background. Although many variations of the brand essence wheel exist, a comprehensive wheel incorporates information from five categories: attributes, benefits, values, personality, brand essence.

Brand Equity

what-is-brand-equity
The brand equity is the premium that a customer is willing to pay for a product that has all the objective characteristics of existing alternatives, thus, making it different in terms of perception. The premium on seemingly equal products and quality is attributable to its brand equity.

Brand Positioning

brand-positioning
Brand positioning is about creating a mental real estate in the mind of the target market. If successful, brand positioning allows a business to gain a competitive advantage. And it also works as a switching cost in favor of the brand. Consumers recognizing a brand might be less prone to switch to another brand.

Business Storytelling

business-storytelling
Business storytelling is a critical part of developing a business model. Indeed, the way you frame the story of your organization will influence its brand in the long-term. That’s because your brand story is tied to your brand identity, and it enables people to identify with a company.

Content Marketing

content-marketing
Content marketing is one of the most powerful commercial activities which focuses on leveraging content production (text, audio, video, or other formats) to attract a targeted audience. Content marketing focuses on building a strong brand, but also to convert part of that targeted audience into potential customers.

Customer Lifetime Value

customer-lifetime-value
One of the first mentions of customer lifetime value was in the 1988 book Database Marketing: Strategy and Implementation written by Robert Shaw and Merlin Stone. Customer lifetime value (CLV) represents the value of a customer to a company over a period of time. It represents a critical business metric, especially for SaaS or recurring revenue-based businesses.

Customer Segmentation

customer-segmentation
Customer segmentation is a marketing method that divides the customers in sub-groups, that share similar characteristics. Thus, product, marketing and engineering teams can center the strategy from go-to-market to product development and communication around each sub-group. Customer segments can be broken down is several ways, such as demographics, geography, psychographics and more.

Developer Marketing

developer-marketing
Developer marketing encompasses tactics designed to grow awareness and adopt software tools, solutions, and SaaS platforms. Developer marketing has become the standard among software companies with a platform component, where developers can build applications on top of the core software or open software. Therefore, engaging developer communities has become a key element of marketing for many digital businesses.

Digital Marketing Channels

digital-marketing-channels
A digital channel is a marketing channel, part of a distribution strategy, helping an organization to reach its potential customers via electronic means. There are several digital marketing channels, usually divided into organic and paid channels. Some organic channels are SEO, SMO, email marketing. And some paid channels comprise SEM, SMM, and display advertising.

Field Marketing

field-marketing
Field marketing is a general term that encompasses face-to-face marketing activities carried out in the field. These activities may include street promotions, conferences, sales, and various forms of experiential marketing. Field marketing, therefore, refers to any marketing activity that is performed in the field.

Funnel Marketing

funnel-marketing
interaction with a brand until they become a paid customer and beyond. Funnel marketing is modeled after the marketing funnel, a concept that tells the company how it should market to consumers based on their position in the funnel itself. The notion of a customer embarking on a journey when interacting with a brand was first proposed by Elias St. Elmo Lewis in 1898. Funnel marketing typically considers three stages of a non-linear marketing funnel. These are top of the funnel (TOFU), middle of the funnel (MOFU), and bottom of the funnel (BOFU). Particular marketing strategies at each stage are adapted to the level of familiarity the consumer has with a brand.

Go-To-Market Strategy

go-to-market-strategy
A go-to-market strategy represents how companies market their new products to reach target customers in a scalable and repeatable way. It starts with how new products/services get developed to how these organizations target potential customers (via sales and marketing models) to enable their value proposition to be delivered to create a competitive advantage.

Greenwashing

greenwashing
The term “greenwashing” was first coined by environmentalist Jay Westerveld in 1986 at a time when most consumers received their news from television, radio, and print media. Some companies took advantage of limited public access to information by portraying themselves as environmental stewards – even when their actions proved otherwise. Greenwashing is a deceptive marketing practice where a company makes unsubstantiated claims about an environmentally-friendly product or service.

Grassroots Marketing

grassroots-marketing
Grassroots marketing involves a brand creating highly targeted content for a particular niche or audience. When an organization engages in grassroots marketing, it focuses on a small group of people with the hope that its marketing message is shared with a progressively larger audience.

Growth Marketing

growth-marketing
Growth marketing is a process of rapid experimentation, which in a way has to be “scientific” by keeping in mind that it is used by startups to grow, quickly. Thus, the “scientific” here is not meant in the academic sense. Growth marketing is expected to unlock growth, quickly and with an often limited budget.

Guerrilla Marketing

guerrilla-marketing
Guerrilla marketing is an advertising strategy that seeks to utilize low-cost and sometimes unconventional tactics that are high impact. First coined by Jay Conrad Levinson in his 1984 book of the same title, guerrilla marketing works best on existing customers who are familiar with a brand or product and its particular characteristics.

Hunger Marketing

hunger-marketing
Hunger marketing is a marketing strategy focused on manipulating consumer emotions. By bringing products to market with an attractive price point and restricted supply, consumers have a stronger desire to make a purchase.

Integrated Communication

integrated-marketing-communication
Integrated marketing communication (IMC) is an approach used by businesses to coordinate and brand their communication strategies. Integrated marketing communication takes separate marketing functions and combines them into one, interconnected approach with a core brand message that is consistent across various channels. These encompass owned, earned, and paid media. Integrated marketing communication has been used to great effect by companies such as Snapchat, Snickers, and Domino’s.

Inbound Marketing

inbound-marketing
Inbound marketing is a marketing strategy designed to attract customers to a brand with content and experiences that they derive value from. Inbound marketing utilizes blogs, events, SEO, and social media to create brand awareness and attract targeted consumers. By attracting or “drawing in” a targeted audience, inbound marketing differs from outbound marketing which actively pushes a brand onto consumers who may have no interest in what is being offered.

Integrated Marketing

integrated-marketing
Integrated marketing describes the process of delivering consistent and relevant content to a target audience across all marketing channels. It is a cohesive, unified, and immersive marketing strategy that is cost-effective and relies on brand identity and storytelling to amplify the brand to a wider and wider audience.

Marketing Mix

marketing-mix
The marketing mix is a term to describe the multi-faceted approach to a complete and effective marketing plan. Traditionally, this plan included the four Ps of marketing: price, product, promotion, and place. But the exact makeup of a marketing mix has undergone various changes in response to new technologies and ways of thinking. Additions to the four Ps include physical evidence, people, process, and even politics.

Marketing Myopia

marketing-myopia
Marketing myopia is the nearsighted focus on selling goods and services at the expense of consumer needs. Marketing myopia was coined by Harvard Business School professor Theodore Levitt in 1960. Originally, Levitt described the concept in the context of organizations in high-growth industries that become complacent in their belief that such industries never fail.

Marketing Personas

marketing-personas
Marketing personas give businesses a general overview of key segments of their target audience and how these segments interact with their brand. Marketing personas are based on the data of an ideal, fictional customer whose characteristics, needs, and motivations are representative of a broader market segment.

Meme Marketing

meme-marketing
Meme marketing is any marketing strategy that uses memes to promote a brand. The term “meme” itself was popularized by author Richard Dawkins over 50 years later in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene. In the book, Dawkins described how ideas evolved and were shared across different cultures. The internet has enabled this exchange to occur at an exponential rate, with the first modern memes emerging in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

Microtargeting

microtargeting
Microtargeting is a marketing strategy that utilizes consumer demographic data to identify the interests of a very specific group of individuals. Like most marketing strategies, the goal of microtargeting is to positively influence consumer behavior.

Multi-Channel Marketing

multichannel-marketing
Multichannel marketing executes a marketing strategy across multiple platforms to reach as many consumers as possible. Here, a platform may refer to product packaging, word-of-mouth advertising, mobile apps, email, websites, or promotional events, and all the other channels that can help amplify the brand to reach as many consumers as possible.

Multi-Level Marketing

multilevel-marketing
Multi-level marketing (MLM), otherwise known as network or referral marketing, is a strategy in which businesses sell their products through person-to-person sales. When consumers join MLM programs, they act as distributors. Distributors make money by selling the product directly to other consumers. They earn a small percentage of sales from those that they recruit to do the same – often referred to as their “downline”.

Net Promoter Score

net-promoter-score
The Net Promoter Score (NPS) is a measure of the ability of a product or service to attract word-of-mouth advertising. NPS is a crucial part of any marketing strategy since attracting and then retaining customers means they are more likely to recommend a business to others.

Neuromarketing

neuromarketing
Neuromarketing information is collected by measuring brain activity related to specific brain functions using sophisticated and expensive technology such as MRI machines. Some businesses also choose to make inferences of neurological responses by analyzing biometric and heart-rate data. Neuromarketing is the domain of large companies with similarly large budgets or subsidies. These include Frito-Lay, Google, and The Weather Channel.

Newsjacking

newsjacking
Newsjacking as a marketing strategy was popularised by David Meerman Scott in his book Newsjacking: How to Inject Your Ideas into a Breaking News Story and Generate Tons of Media Coverage. Newsjacking describes the practice of aligning a brand with a current event to generate media attention and increase brand exposure.

Niche Marketing

microniche
A microniche is a subset of potential customers within a niche. In the era of dominating digital super-platforms, identifying a microniche can kick off the strategy of digital businesses to prevent competition against large platforms. As the microniche becomes a niche, then a market, scale becomes an option.

Push vs. Pull Marketing

push-vs-pull-marketing
We can define pull and push marketing from the perspective of the target audience or customers. In push marketing, as the name suggests, you’re promoting a product so that consumers can see it. In a pull strategy, consumers might look for your product or service drawn by its brand.

Real-Time Marketing

real-time-marketing
Real-time marketing is as exactly as it sounds. It involves in-the-moment marketing to customers across any channel based on how that customer is interacting with the brand.

Relationship Marketing

relationship-marketing
Relationship marketing involves businesses and their brands forming long-term relationships with customers. The focus of relationship marketing is to increase customer loyalty and engagement through high-quality products and services. It differs from short-term processes focused solely on customer acquisition and individual sales.

Reverse Marketing

reverse-marketing
Reverse marketing describes any marketing strategy that encourages consumers to seek out a product or company on their own. This approach differs from a traditional marketing strategy where marketers seek out the consumer.

Remarketing

remarketing
Remarketing involves the creation of personalized and targeted ads for consumers who have already visited a company’s website. The process works in this way: as users visit a brand’s website, they are tagged with cookies that follow the users, and as they land on advertising platforms where retargeting is an option (like social media platforms) they get served ads based on their navigation.

Sensory Marketing

sensory-marketing
Sensory marketing describes any marketing campaign designed to appeal to the five human senses of touch, taste, smell, sight, and sound. Technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are enabling marketers to design fun, interactive, and immersive sensory marketing brand experiences. Long term, businesses must develop sensory marketing campaigns that are relevant and effective in eCommerce.

Services Marketing

services-marketing
Services marketing originated as a separate field of study during the 1980s. Researchers realized that the unique characteristics of services required different marketing strategies to those used in the promotion of physical goods. Services marketing is a specialized branch of marketing that promotes the intangible benefits delivered by a company to create customer value.

Sustainable Marketing

sustainable-marketing-green-marketing
Sustainable marketing describes how a business will invest in social and environmental initiatives as part of its marketing strategy. Also known as green marketing, it is often used to counteract public criticism around wastage, misleading advertising, and poor quality or unsafe products.

Word-of-Mouth Marketing

word-of-mouth-marketing
Word-of-mouth marketing is a marketing strategy skewed toward offering a great experience to existing customers and incentivizing them to share it with other potential customers. That is one of the most effective forms of marketing as it enables a company to gain traction based on existing customers’ referrals. When repeat customers become a key enabler for the brand this is one of the best organic and sustainable growth marketing strategies.

360 Marketing

360-marketing
360 marketing is a marketing campaign that utilizes all available mediums, channels, and consumer touchpoints. 360 marketing requires the business to maintain a consistent presence across multiple online and offline channels. This ensures it does not miss potentially lucrative customer segments. By its very nature, 360 marketing describes any number of different marketing strategies. However, a broad and holistic marketing strategy should incorporate a website, SEO, PPC, email marketing, social media, public relations, in-store relations, and traditional forms of advertising such as television.

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