Distributed leadership is based on the premise that leadership responsibilities and accountability are shared by those with the relevant skills or expertise so that the shared responsibility and accountability of multiple individuals within a workplace, bulds up as a fluid and emergent property (not controlled or held by one individual). Distributed leadership is based on eight hallmarks, or principles: shared responsibility, shared power, synergy, leadership capacity, organizational learning, equitable and ethical climate, democratic and investigative culture, and macro-community engagement.
| Aspect | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Concept Overview | – Distributed Leadership is a leadership approach that challenges the traditional top-down model of leadership and instead emphasizes the collective leadership capacity within an organization. In this model, leadership is not limited to a single individual or a small group of top executives; rather, it is distributed across various levels and functions of the organization. Distributed leadership recognizes that individuals throughout the organization can contribute their expertise, insights, and leadership skills to drive positive change and innovation. It encourages collaboration, shared decision-making, and the empowerment of team members. This approach is particularly valuable in complex and dynamic environments where agility and adaptability are essential. |
| Key Elements | – Distributed Leadership comprises several key elements: – Shared Leadership Responsibility: Leadership responsibilities are shared among multiple individuals rather than concentrated at the top. – Collaboration: It emphasizes collaboration and teamwork to leverage diverse perspectives and skills. – Empowerment: Team members are empowered to make decisions and take ownership of their areas of expertise. – Decentralization: Decision-making authority is decentralized, allowing for quicker responses to challenges and opportunities. – Adaptive Leadership: Distributed leadership is adaptive and responsive to changing circumstances. – Trust and Accountability: Trust and accountability are critical components, as team members rely on each other’s leadership contributions. |
| Applications | – Distributed Leadership can be applied in various settings, including: – Corporate and Business: Organizations can adopt distributed leadership to improve agility and adaptability in rapidly changing markets. – Education: Educational institutions utilize this approach to engage teachers, students, and administrators in shared leadership for improved learning outcomes. – Healthcare: Healthcare organizations implement distributed leadership to enhance patient care, reduce errors, and promote innovation. – Nonprofits and NGOs: Nonprofit organizations benefit from the collective leadership capacity of staff and volunteers. – Government: Government agencies embrace distributed leadership to enhance public services and responsiveness. |
| Benefits | – Embracing Distributed Leadership offers several benefits: – Increased Innovation: Diverse perspectives and collaboration foster innovation and creative problem-solving. – Enhanced Adaptability: Organizations become more adaptable to change and better equipped to respond to emerging challenges. – Empowerment: Team members feel empowered and motivated to contribute their leadership skills. – Resilience: Distributed leadership enhances organizational resilience by spreading leadership responsibility. – Employee Engagement: Employees are more engaged and committed when they have a say in decision-making. – Faster Decision-Making: Decentralized decision-making leads to quicker responses to issues and opportunities. |
| Challenges | – Challenges associated with Distributed Leadership may include: – Coordination: Ensuring effective coordination and communication among distributed leaders can be challenging. – Role Ambiguity: Team members may face role ambiguity when multiple leaders are involved. – Resistance to Change: Shifting from a traditional hierarchical model to distributed leadership may encounter resistance. – Accountability: Clearly defining and enforcing accountability can be complex when leadership is distributed. – Cultural Change: Changing the organizational culture to embrace distributed leadership may require time and effort. – Consistency: Maintaining consistency in decision-making and leadership approaches across the organization can be a challenge. |
| Prevention and Mitigation | – To address challenges associated with Distributed Leadership, organizations can: – Communication: Establish effective communication channels to ensure coordination and information sharing among distributed leaders. – Role Clarity: Clearly define roles and responsibilities for team members to mitigate role ambiguity. – Change Management: Implement change management strategies to address resistance to the shift to distributed leadership. – Accountability Framework: Develop a robust accountability framework to track and measure leadership contributions. – Cultural Transformation: Invest in cultural change initiatives to foster a culture that embraces distributed leadership. – Training and Development: Provide training and development opportunities for leaders at all levels to enhance their leadership skills. |
Understanding distributed leadership
Distributed leadership is based on three key ideas:
- Leadership is the product of an interacting group or network of individuals. It is not based on the actions of a single person.
- Expertise should be distributed across an organization and not concentrated in the hands of select individuals.
- The possibility of leadership should be made open to those who might have been previously excluded.
Distributed leadership is a diverse and broad concept and shares some overlap with democratic, participative, collaborative, and shared leadership. However, it promotes leadership as a fluid and emergent property, avoids the typical leader-follower dynamic, and distributes responsibility based on expertise. The model also acknowledges the diversity, maturity, and interdependence of individuals and how deep cultural values influence democratic governance.
The strategy has seen significant uptake in educational institutions but is also used to create optimal leadership and organizational structure across multiple industries.
The eight hallmarks of distributed leadership
Diane R. Dean, Associate Professor at Illinois State University, created the following eight hallmarks to synthesize the various theories of what constitutes distributed leadership:
- Shared responsibility – distributed leadership regards leadership as the sum total of the behavior of many individuals. Organizational goals are best achieved through a mix of styles and participants.
- Shared power and authority – power or authority should be segmented with a new focus on participation, empowerment, dialogue, and cooperation.
- Synergy – when shared decision-making occurs, participants develop strong relationships based on mutual understanding. Since the performance of the group is assessed, team members leverage their skills and knowledge to help others compensate for deficiencies.
- Leadership capacity – the leadership capacity of an organization is based on the collective knowledge of its employees. Individuals are encouraged to take responsibility for their own goal setting, with passiveness discouraged. Importantly, individuals are nurtured for their leadership potential.
- Organizational learning – collectively managed organizations must also create, share, and apply knowledge in a similar fashion. Team members take ownership of their problems, share common values, hold mutual beliefs, and collaboratively derive meaning for the benefit of the whole.
- Equitable and ethical climate – by its very nature, distributed leadership involves a diverse range of stakeholders in decision-making. This significantly reduces the risk of ill-considered or unethical decisions.
- Democratic and investigative culture – culture defines what people do and why they do it. Distributed leadership creates a democratic culture based on shared identities and definitions of what is important. On the other hand, a focus on leadership capacity through learning creates an investigative culture.
- Macro-community engagement – lastly, the distributed leadership model acknowledges that increasingly complex internal and external environments are impossible to control. Instead, the model focuses on the interconnectedness of individuals and views the environment as a network of exchange and reciprocity.
Google’s Distributed leadership example
Google’s distributed leadership culture may hark back to Larry Page and Sergey Brin who, before they founded the company, were academics with a penchant for independent research and thinking.
Google is known to hire the finest talent and affords them the autonomy to exercise their creativity and maximize their talents.
While certainly not its own invention, evidence of distributed leadership can be seen in the way Google utilizes the 70-20-10 rule. In other words:
- 70% of an employee’s time is spent on Google’s core businesses of search and advertising.
- 20% of an employee’s time is spent on projects related to core businesses such as Google Earth some aspects of Google Maps, and
- The remaining 10% can be devoted to employee passion projects based on ideas that may seem crazy or transformational.
While many employees no doubt consider 10% of the workday to be free time, Google sees it as an investment in its own future.
With all staff encouraged to be innovators, there is less chance they leave the company and develop their ideas elsewhere.
This approach to innovation also means that Page and Brin do not dictate that only certain types of products and services can be developed.
Google Glass, Google News, and AdSense are some of the more notable products that started as employee ideas.
Eric Schmidt’s distributed leadership principles
When Eric Schmidt was appointed CEO of Google in 2001, there were fears that his corporate background would not gel with the distributed leadership ideals possessed by Page and Brin.
However, over his 20-year tenure at Google, Schmidt demonstrated that he had much in common with the distributed leadership culture.
In fact, Schmidt led the company to reach $1 billion in revenue in just six years (a full decade faster than Microsoft).
Schmidt’s distributed leadership best practices can be summarised in the following points.
1 – Get to know your employees.
Schmidt made a list of his best employees and made a point to interact with them personally and professionally. He also insulated them from any distractions that could set them off course.
2 – Establish new ways to reward and then promote high performers
Some of the initiatives Schmidt introduced were dinner with the CEO and a video called The Factory Tour where employees were invited to explain their ideas to the company.
3 – If there are problems that need to be solved, let employees own them
To facilitate ownership, Schmidt would provide an extremely broad overview of a company objective and leave employees to arrive at their own conclusions.
However, he still made the objective relatable.
For instance, Google’s vision to organize the world’s information to benefit customers and societies is something every employee can get behind.
There are also many potential innovations that align with this purpose.
4 – Ensure employees can function outside of Google’s hierarchy
This was best exemplified by the 70/20/10 rule which we explained earlier.
5 – Performance reviews should be conducted by someone the employee respects for their objectivity and unbiasedness
During Schmidt’s rein, peer involvement was one aspect of biannual employee performance reviews. The employee in question was required to select 3 to 8 of their peers who were best qualified to comment on their contributions, strengths, and areas for improvement.
Key takeaways:
- Distributed leadership is a leadership model favoring the shared responsibility and accountability of multiple individuals within a workplace.
- Distributed leadership promotes leadership as a fluid and emergent property that is not controlled or held by one individual. In this way, the traditional leader-follower dynamic is avoided.
- Distributed leadership is based on eight hallmarks, or principles: shared responsibility, shared power, synergy, leadership capacity, organizational learning, equitable and ethical climate, democratic and investigative culture, and macro-community engagement.
Key Highlights
- Distributed Leadership Overview:
- Distributed leadership involves sharing leadership responsibilities and accountability among individuals with relevant skills.
- It leads to a fluid and emergent leadership property, avoiding centralized control.
- Eight hallmarks/principles define distributed leadership.
- Understanding Distributed Leadership:
- Leadership is a result of interactions within a group or network.
- Expertise should be distributed, not concentrated in a few.
- Leadership opportunities should be accessible to previously excluded individuals.
- Diverse Leadership Concept:
- Distributed leadership intersects with democratic, participative, collaborative, and shared leadership models.
- It emphasizes fluidity, avoids leader-follower dynamics, and distributes responsibility based on expertise.
- Eight Hallmarks of Distributed Leadership:
- Shared responsibility emphasizes achieving goals through diverse styles and participants.
- Shared power promotes participation, empowerment, dialogue, and cooperation.
- Synergy through shared decision-making fosters relationships and skills utilization.
- Leadership capacity values collective knowledge and nurtures leadership potential.
- Organizational learning involves sharing and applying knowledge collectively.
- Equitable and ethical climate results from diverse stakeholder involvement.
- Democratic and investigative culture based on shared values and learning.
- Macro-community engagement considers interconnectedness and reciprocity.
- Google’s Example of Distributed Leadership:
- Google’s culture fosters distributed leadership by hiring top talent and granting autonomy.
- The 70-20-10 rule allocates time for core tasks, related projects, and passion projects.
- Encouraging innovation retains employees and leads to diverse product development.
- Eric Schmidt’s Distributed Leadership Principles:
- Schmidt’s leadership aligned well with Google’s distributed culture.
- Getting to know employees personally and professionally.
- Rewarding and promoting high performers with innovative initiatives.
- Allowing employees to own and solve problems.
- Enabling employees to function outside the traditional hierarchy.
- Conducting performance reviews involving peer feedback for objectivity.
| Related Concepts | Description | Implications |
|---|---|---|
| Distributed Leadership | – Leadership approach that involves the sharing of leadership responsibilities and decision-making authority across individuals and teams. – Emphasizes collaboration, empowerment, and collective problem-solving. – Views leadership as a collective endeavor rather than the responsibility of a single individual. – Focuses on building capacity, trust, and autonomy at all levels of the organization. | – Collaboration and teamwork: Distributed leadership promotes collaboration and teamwork by involving multiple individuals and teams in decision-making, problem-solving, and goal-setting processes, fostering a culture of shared ownership, responsibility, and commitment in achieving organizational objectives and driving continuous improvement and innovation over time. – Empowerment and autonomy: Distributed leadership empowers individuals and teams by delegating authority, responsibility, and decision-making power to those closest to the work, and by providing opportunities for learning, growth, and development that enable leaders at all levels to contribute their unique talents and perspectives to addressing complex challenges, seizing opportunities, and realizing organizational goals and aspirations. – Building capacity and expertise: Distributed leadership builds capacity and expertise by leveraging the diverse skills, knowledge, and experiences of individuals and teams, and by providing opportunities for learning, collaboration, and skill development that enable leaders to enhance their capabilities, confidence, and effectiveness in leading and supporting others, driving organizational performance and impact in a dynamic and competitive business environment. – Cultivating trust and accountability: Distributed leadership cultivates trust and accountability by fostering a culture of transparency, fairness, and accountability in decision-making, communication, and actions, and by promoting open dialogue, feedback, and collaboration among leaders and followers, creating an environment where individuals feel valued, respected, and empowered to contribute their best efforts and ideas to achieving shared goals and values, and driving organizational success and sustainability over time. |
| Shared Leadership | – Leadership approach that distributes leadership responsibilities and decision-making authority among multiple individuals and teams. – Involves collaboration, shared accountability, and collective problem-solving. – Emphasizes building capacity, trust, and autonomy. | – Collaboration and shared ownership: Shared leadership promotes collaboration and shared ownership by involving multiple individuals and teams in decision-making, problem-solving, and goal-setting processes, fostering a sense of collective responsibility, commitment, and accountability in achieving organizational objectives and driving continuous improvement and innovation over time. – Building capacity and expertise: Shared leadership builds capacity and expertise by leveraging the diverse skills, knowledge, and perspectives of individuals and teams, and by providing opportunities for learning, growth, and development that empower leaders at all levels to contribute their unique talents and insights to addressing complex challenges, seizing opportunities, and realizing organizational goals and aspirations. – Trust and autonomy: Shared leadership builds trust and autonomy by delegating authority, responsibility, and decision-making power to individuals and teams, and by fostering a culture of empowerment, transparency, and accountability that enables leaders to exercise judgment, initiative, and creativity in pursuing shared goals and values, and driving organizational performance and impact in a dynamic and competitive business environment. – Innovation and adaptability: Shared leadership fosters innovation and adaptability by encouraging experimentation, risk-taking, and learning, and by promoting flexibility, agility, and resilience in responding to changing business conditions, market dynamics, and leadership challenges, fostering a culture of innovation, adaptability, and continuous improvement that drives organizational success and sustainability over time. |
| Collaborative Leadership | – Leadership approach that emphasizes collaboration, cooperation, and shared decision-making among leaders and followers. – Involves building consensus, fostering trust, and promoting inclusivity. – Views leadership as a collective responsibility and process. | – Consensus-building and alignment: Collaborative leadership fosters consensus-building and alignment by involving multiple stakeholders in decision-making, problem-solving, and goal-setting processes, and by promoting open dialogue, active listening, and mutual respect in exploring diverse perspectives, interests, and concerns, creating a sense of shared ownership, commitment, and accountability that drives organizational performance and impact in a dynamic and competitive business environment. – Trust and inclusivity: Collaborative leadership builds trust and inclusivity by creating an environment where individuals feel valued, respected, and empowered to contribute their unique insights, experiences, and talents to achieving shared goals and values, and where diverse perspectives are welcomed, appreciated, and leveraged to drive innovation, creativity, and excellence in addressing complex challenges and opportunities, fostering a culture of inclusion, collaboration, and belonging that enhances employee engagement, satisfaction, and performance over time. – Empowerment and engagement: Collaborative leadership empowers and engages individuals by providing opportunities for participation, involvement, and contribution to decision-making, problem-solving, and goal-setting processes, and by fostering a culture of openness, transparency, and accountability in communication and actions, creating a sense of ownership, responsibility, and commitment that enhances motivation, satisfaction, and performance in achieving organizational objectives and driving continuous improvement and innovation over time. – Adaptability and resilience: Collaborative leadership promotes adaptability and resilience by encouraging flexibility, agility, and responsiveness in responding to changing business conditions, market dynamics, and stakeholder expectations, and by promoting a culture of learning, experimentation, and adaptation that enables individuals and teams to navigate uncertainty, overcome obstacles, and seize opportunities for growth and success in a rapidly changing and competitive world. |
| Team Leadership | – Leadership approach that focuses on leading and facilitating the performance and effectiveness of teams. – Involves setting clear goals, roles, and expectations. – Emphasizes communication, collaboration, and conflict resolution. – Aims to create a supportive and high-performing team culture. | – Goal clarity and role alignment: Team leadership provides clarity on goals, roles, and expectations, and ensures alignment among team members, fostering a sense of purpose, direction, and cohesion that enhances team performance and effectiveness in achieving shared objectives and driving organizational success and impact over time. – Communication and collaboration: Team leadership promotes open communication and collaboration among team members, enabling dialogue, feedback, and learning that enhance understanding, trust, and cooperation, and drive innovation, creativity, and problem-solving in addressing complex challenges and opportunities, fostering a culture of teamwork, inclusion, and belonging that enhances employee engagement, satisfaction, and retention over time. – Conflict resolution and consensus-building: Team leadership facilitates conflict resolution and consensus-building by promoting constructive dialogue, active listening, and mutual respect among team members, and by facilitating the negotiation and resolution of conflicts and disagreements in a fair, respectful, and timely manner, fostering a culture of trust, collaboration, and accountability that enhances team cohesion, resilience, and performance in a dynamic and competitive work environment characterized by rapid change, uncertainty, and complexity. – Supportive team culture: Team leadership creates a supportive team culture that values and nurtures individuals’ strengths, contributions, and growth, and provides opportunities for learning, development, and recognition, fostering a sense of belonging, ownership, and commitment that enhances team morale, motivation, and satisfaction, and drives organizational success and impact over time. |
Connected Leadership Concepts And Frameworks
Main Guides:
