Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short The SFA matrix is a way to compare strategic options against three tests: suitability (does it fit the situation and the goal?), feasibility (can we actually do it?) and acceptability (will stakeholders accept its returns and risks?). The criteria are associated with Gerry Johnson and Kevan […]
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Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short The bargaining power of buyers is the ability of customers to push prices down or demand more quality and service for the same price, capturing more of an industry’s value for themselves. It is one of the five competitive forces first described by Michael Porter in
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Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short SWOT analysis lists a firm’s internal Strengths and Weaknesses and its external Opportunities and Threats; the TOWS matrix takes the same four lists and crosses them to produce strategies (SO, WO, ST, WT). Archival work by Puyt, Lie and Wilderom (2023) traces SWOT to Robert Franklin
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Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short The Ansoff Matrix is a two-by-two grid for choosing how to grow: sell more of today’s products in today’s markets (market penetration), take today’s products to new markets (market development), build new products for today’s customers (product development), or do both at once (diversification). It comes
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Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short Program management is the coordinated management of a group of related projects, and the day-to-day work around them, to deliver a benefit that no single project could deliver alone. The UK’s Association for Project Management defines a programme as a temporary strategic endeavour to achieve beneficial
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Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short Product departmentalization groups people by the product or product line they deliver, so each unit holds the engineers, marketers and other specialists that product needs, instead of grouping everyone by function. Public administration scholar Luther Gulick described the idea in 1937 as organization by major purpose:
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Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short A SCOC analysis is a positive reframing of SWOT: it keeps Strengths and Opportunities but turns weaknesses into internal Challenges and threats into external Challenges. Management consultant Armin Forstner proposed it in a Thinkers50 article, arguing that SWOT meetings drift into repairing weaknesses and speculating about
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Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short P&G makes money by selling branded daily-use products, such as Tide, Pampers, Gillette and Crest, mostly through retailers: net sales were $87.0 billion in fiscal 2026 (year to 30 June 2026), up 3%, and operating income was $19.7 billion. Its 10-K describes the model as winning
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Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short Strategic risk assessment is the process of identifying and weighing the risks that could stop an organisation from achieving its strategy, such as a key customer leaving, a technology shift or a regulatory change, and deciding which to accept, reduce or exploit. COSO updated its 2004
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Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short The cannibalization effect is when a company’s new product takes sales from one of its own existing products instead of only from rivals. It is a cost to count, not always a mistake: research by Rajesh Chandy and Gerard Tellis (1998) found that a firm’s willingness
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Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short Bowman’s Strategy Clock maps eight competitive positions on two dimensions: the price a company charges and the value customers perceive in what they get. It is associated with strategy scholars Cliff Bowman and David Faulkner, whose book Competitive and Corporate Strategy appeared in the mid-1990s, and
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Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short The TOWS matrix turns a SWOT list into strategies by pairing internal factors with external ones: strengths with opportunities (SO), weaknesses with opportunities (WO), strengths with threats (ST) and weaknesses with threats (WT). Heinz Weihrich introduced it in 1982 in the journal Long Range Planning as
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Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short Mintzberg’s organizational structures are five configurations that management scholar Henry Mintzberg set out in The Structuring of Organizations (1979) and summarised in “Structure in 5’s” (Management Science, 1980): the simple structure, machine bureaucracy, professional bureaucracy, divisionalized form and adhocracy. Each one relies on a different way
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Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short A mission statement is one or two sentences that say what an organisation does, for whom and why it matters, so that people inside can make decisions without asking. It differs from a vision statement, which describes the future the organisation wants to bring about. In
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Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short A growth mindset is the belief that abilities such as intelligence can be developed with effort, strategy and help; a fixed mindset is the belief that they are set traits. The idea comes from Stanford psychologist Carol Dweck‘s research on “implicit theories” of ability (Dweck and
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Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short A cash cow in the BCG matrix is a business with a high market share in a slow-growing market. Bruce Henderson, founder of the Boston Consulting Group, defined it in “The Product Portfolio” (1970): such products generate cash in excess of the reinvestment required to maintain
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Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short A digital marketing strategy is the plan for which online channels a business uses to reach, convert and keep customers, and how much it depends on each. A useful way to build one is to sort channels by control: you rent attention (paid ads), borrow it
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Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short The threat of substitute products is the risk that customers meet the same need with a different kind of product from outside your industry: a ride-hailing app instead of a taxi, a chatbot instead of a homework-help site. It is one of the five competitive forces
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Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short A risk management framework is a structured, repeatable way to set the context, identify risks, assess how likely and how damaging they are, decide how to treat them and keep monitoring them. The best-known published versions are the U.S. NIST Risk Management Framework (SP 800-37, Revision
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Updated November 2026 · reviewed for today In short The snowball effect is a process in which a small start feeds on its own results and grows faster as it grows, like a snowball rolling downhill and picking up more snow because it is already bigger. In finance the cleanest case is compound interest, interest
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